Changes in soil macropores: Superposition of the roles of organic nutrient amendments and the greenhouse pattern in vegetable plantations

Organic farming can potentially mitigate soil compaction, which commonly occurs in vegetable plantations, particularly in greenhouses when compared with open‐air systems. Although several studies have addressed the effect of planting patterns on soil pore characteristics, few studies have focused on changes in pore attributes under organic fertilization. We used adjacent fields during green manure planting as a control to compare the differences in soil physicochemical and macropore parameters between 14‐year‐old greenhouse plots and open‐air plots under organic fertilization. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to analyse the drivers of soil macropore characteristics in vegetable plantations in Jiangsu Province, China. A significant increase in connectivity, fractal dimensions and total macroporosity and a decrease in bulk density after 14 years of organic farming, particularly in the surface layer in the greenhouse, were observed. However, the difference in pores in the plough pan layer was not significant between the treatments. The volume of small pores (50–500 μm) and medium pores (500–1,000 μm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both the greenhouse and open‐air systems, showing significantly positive relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) content. Large pores (>1,000 μm) showed a clear decrease, especially in open‐air fields, possibly due to the disappearance of the original straw residues in the surface layer. Small and medium pores in the plough layer increased in greenhouse fields, whereas the opposite occurred in open‐air fields. Overall, compared with open‐air systems, long‐term organic greenhouse patterns had a significantly positive effect on soil pore attributes.     

济宁市任城区小麦/玉米两熟区万亩保护性耕作研究示范模式研究

[目的]解决济宁市小麦/玉米两熟区传统耕作方式生产成本高,对土壤结构破坏大,土壤的生产能力降低的难题。[方法]多次试验示范和总结。[结果]构建农机农艺技术流程为"小麦联合收获(秸秆粉碎覆盖)→玉米直播→喷除草剂→田间管理(灌溉、灭虫等)→玉米收获并秸秆还田覆盖→深松(3~5年深松一次)→小麦免耕施肥播种→田间管理(灌溉、除草、灭虫等)"的适合该区保护性耕作的技术模式,通过万亩试验示范验证,该保护性耕作技术模式在确保粮食稳产增产的前提下,能够较大幅度降低生产成本。[结论]该研究可为济宁市保护性耕作技术的大面积推广奠定基础,应加快推进全市农业进入保护性耕作的新阶段。     

基于粮食安全贡献度的中国粮食主产区粮食供求格局演变

基于粮食安全贡献度的FSP模型分析框架,从省际粮食供需平衡的角度测算中国粮食主产区对国家粮食安全的贡献,并探究了粮食主产区粮食供求格局的演变特征。结果表明:除2000—2003年粮食产量骤降造成粮食供给缺口外,1991—1999年、2004—2018年中国粮食主产区粮食盈余(调出量)呈“稳中有降—绝对增长”的U型变化趋势,历年粮食安全贡献度均高于85%,粮食主产区的粮食地位相对稳固。粮食主产区的粮食供求格局经历了省际间的分化和重组。一方面,粮食供给向中北部地区集聚,而南部地区粮食产需紧平衡,粮食供需错配严重;另一方面,粮食供需空间分异明显,2000年后黑龙江、河南、吉林3省的粮食安全贡献度合计达50%左右,而湖南、江西、江苏、河北、湖北、四川、辽宁7省的历年粮食安全贡献度均低于5%,粮食调出总量合计仅占粮食主产区粮食调出总量的10%~20%。     

退化红壤区植被恢复过程夏季土壤水分时空变异格局动态

用经典统计学和地统计学方法,对比分析江西泰和退化红壤丘陵区重建森林及自然恢复草地15 a、25 a土壤(0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层)水分空间变异格局。结果表明：在恢复初期,重建森林和自然恢复草地土壤水分较为均匀,随着恢复年限的增加,土壤水分逐渐增加,且离散程度存在不同程度的提高和中等程度变异; 重建森林及自然恢复草地土壤水分分布呈正态分布,均能较好的拟合成球状模型(决定系数均> 0.804),数据表现出明显的空间自相关,具有一定的空间变异特征,变异来源主要以土壤母质、地形等引起的结构性变异为主。从时间序列上看,恢复25 a土壤水分块金值、基台值、块金系数均显著增大,总的变异性增加,且由随机因素造成的变异比重加大; 从土层角度来看,同一恢复年限内,自然恢复草地基台值上层(0~20 cm)>下层(20~40 cm),块金值、块金系数则表现为上层 < 下层,下层土壤水分随机变异强于上层。重建森林的3个指标均表现为上层>下层,且表层随机性变异更大; 随恢复时间增加,森林表层土壤水分空间异质性程度加大,斑块更为破碎化,自然恢复草地0~20 cm和20~40 cm两土层变程均显著变大,土壤水分空间延续范围变大; 增加取样密度和加大研究尺度更能揭示退化红壤区土壤水分空间变异特征。     

城市绿地空间格局与其功能研究进展

本文对城市绿地空间格局与功能研究进展进行综述,从城市绿地空间格局、城市绿地空间格局与功能关系两方面阐述城市绿地研究现状。提出目前研究存在的问题和今后研究方向。     

河南省鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性检测

用微量肉汤稀释法检测51株河南省鸡源大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类、氯霉素类、氟喹诺酮类和磺胺等6类共14个药物的耐药性。结果表明细菌的多重耐药现象已十分严重,四耐及以上的菌株占总受试菌的96%,76.5%菌株耐6~10种药物,河南省养鸡场最常见的耐药谱为氨苄西林+头孢噻呋+庆大霉素+磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶+恩诺沙星。     

北京市朝阳区景观连接度距离阈值研究

景观连接度方法是一种进行景观生态安全格局定量化评价的较好方法。此方法的应用中,景观连接度适宜距离阈值是一个关键因素,以北京市朝阳区为例对其展开研究。选取景观组分数(NC)、整体连接度指数(ⅡC)以及可能连接度指数(PC)来表征景观连接度以及计算斑块重要性值(dI);预设9个距离阈值,探讨不同距离阈值下景观连接度和斑块重要性值的变化规律。结果表明:北京市朝阳区景观连接度的距离阈值以400～600 m为宜。在此距离阈值的约束下分析表明,小型生态斑块对提高区域景观连接度有重要作用。     

Sawing patterns for large-diameter sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sawlogs: Current status and future outlook

Abstract

A survey was conducted at nine sawmills in Japan to evaluate and compare the sawing of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs of 30 cm and more in diameter. The purpose was fourfold: (1) to document sawing patterns appropriate to the large-diameter logs; (2) to examine the composition of wood components (structural, nonstructural, and fixtures) produced from those patterns; (3) to investigate log and product prices; and (4) to ascertain distances to the log supplier and product markets. Impetus for the study arose from a forecasted shift in the diameter distribution of plantation trees in Japan; from small and medium-sized logs to large-diameter logs. With an overabundance of large-diameter domestic logs forecasted within the next decade, the need to understand how to best utilize and effectively process the large-diameter resource is of utmost importance.     

Natural abundance N in soil and litter across a nitrate-output gradient in New Hampshire

Stable isotopes of nitrogen are potentially a valuable tool for regional assessments of nitrogen saturation because they provide an integrated measure of the past nitrogen cycling history of a site. We measured δ¹⁵N of soil and litter, as well as net nitrification potential, at three sites across a nitrate-loss gradient in the White Mountains, New Hampshire to test the hypotheses: (1) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter increase across a spatial gradient of nitrate loss; and (2) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter is elevated when nitrification is elevated. δ¹⁵N was found not to vary significantly among the three sites. Patterns of leaf litter and forest floor δ¹⁵N, however, were strongly influenced by species composition in individual plots. Beech litter had significantly higher δ¹⁵N than yellow birch, sugar maple, and red maple. The conifer-dominated plots had significantly lower δ¹⁵N in both the organic soil horizons and in litter than did the hardwood-dominated plots. When we adjusted for spatial heterogeneity in mineral soil δ¹⁵N values by using an enrichment factor, δ¹⁵N_foliar − δ¹⁵N_Bs, in place of absolute soil δ¹⁵N values, a positive relationship was found with net nitrification for hardwoods. δ¹⁵N may also be a useful tool for evaluating species differences in nitrogen cycling and nitrogen uptake. The distinct pattern we observed of decreasing δ¹⁵N across the continuum from hardwood-dominated to conifer-dominated sites may suggest that local drivers (for example, nitrification rate) regulate the absolute value of foliar δ¹⁵N, while species-driven factors (e.g., timing and type of uptake) control the foliar δ¹⁵N value of one species relative to another in the same plot.     

90年代世界营林机械发展特点

介绍了世界营林机械的发展现状,分析了９０ 年代营林机械的技术特点和发展趋势