长期不同施肥处理对棕壤氮储量的影响

为揭示施肥对棕壤氮素状况的影响,利用29年长期肥料定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理条件下土壤全氮在0―60 cm土层的分布特征,并在此基础上计算0―60cm土层氮库的储量变化。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤全氮含量、C/N比值均随土层深度增加而降低,其影响主要表现在表层;而对0―60cm 土层全氮储量有显著性影响（P0.05）。长期不同施肥处理后土壤全氮及其储量变化趋势是:高量有机肥区＞低量有机肥区＞化肥区＞无肥区＞试验前（1979年）,特别是高量有机肥和化肥配合施用效果最显著;单施化肥处理土壤全氮含量和储量虽有缓慢提高,但差异不显著。说明土壤氮素含量的提高与施肥措施密切相关,有机肥和化肥配合施用能提高土壤全氮含量和储量,是维持土壤肥力的最优施肥方式。     

N+离子注入陆地棉花粉对胚珠DNA及M1代cDNA表达的影响

通过对胚珠DNA的SSR标记分析,在DNA水平上检测氮离子束诱变后胚珠的多态性变化,结果表明,离子注入陆地棉花粉后再给雌蕊授粉,会对胚珠的DNA多态性产生影响,表明在一定程度上改变了花粉中精细胞的DNA序列;利用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)分离N+离子诱变花粉和对照正常花粉分别给雌蕊授粉后产生的M1代植株叶片间表达有差异的cDNA片段,建立差异表达cDNA文库。已测序的有50个缩减cDNA克隆,根据BLAST网络服务检索查询EMBLGen、 Bank、DDBJ和PDB的核苷酸序列数据库以及蛋白质氨基酸序列数据库,进行序列联配,结果发现52%序列在数据库中都有同源的棉属来源的EST。38个EST与其他物种已知基因部分区域的同源性为56%-100%,占总EST的76%;5条EST序列能在数据库中检索到同源性序列,但其功能（占10%）尚不清楚;9个EST能在数据库中发现为推测蛋白,占18%;4个EST在GenBank中没有查到对应的同源序列,占8%。     

Inhibitory effects of seaweeds on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3)

ABSTRACT:   The effects of 80% methanol extracts from frozen samples of 41 macroalgae and one sea grass collected in the Ise-Shima region of Japan were investigated on histamine release from rat basophile leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) sensitized with antidinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE and stimulated with DNP-BSA. Of the 21 brown algae, five green and 15 red algae, and one sea grass tested, only extracts from seven brown algae suppressed histamine release from RBL cells, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. When the cytotoxic effects of the seven brown algal extracts were investigated by Trypan blue staining, only Eisenia arborea and Sargassum thunbergii did not show cytotoxic effects. Therefore, we conclude that E. arborea and S. thunbergii may contain compounds that have antiallergic effects without inducing cell death.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

Particle clearance and selection in three species of juvenile scallops

Juvenile scallops (<2 mm shell height) of three species (Placopecten magellanicus, Patinopecten yessoensis, Argopecten irradians) were fed mixed, unialgal cultures. Scallops were fed a total of six algal clones simultaneously and clearance rates were monitored using flow cytometric techniques. In another experiment, scallops were presented with natural assemblages of particulate matter as a food source. Data are presented on differences in clearance rates for the individual algal species as well as size-related differences of algal clones, and uptake of chlorophyll vs. non-chlorophyll cells, both within and between scallop species. Significant differences in clearance rates of individual algal species have been found within and between scallop species. Particle selection does not appear to be based upon size alone and is apparently based on other characteristics of the algae as well. The results demonstrate pre-ingestive sorting.     

用PAPD方法分析太湖大银鱼、太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的亲缘关系

１９９６￣１９９７年２年中在太湖６个水域采集到大银鱼（Ｐｒｏｔｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、太湖新银鱼（Ｎｅｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｒｅｇａｎｉｕｓ）和寡齿新银鱼（Ｎｅｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｏｌｉｇｏｄｏｎｔｉｓ）并发现其中有２个样品的ＲＡＰＤ图谱与其它样品的图谱有很大差异,进一步ＤＮＡ分析结果表明,这２个样品不属于大银鱼,太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的其它种银鱼,表明太湖中可能存在５种银鱼。     

Evaluation of the nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal, inoculated with fish intestinal bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus circulans in formulated diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings

Nine isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (18.37 kJ g^?1) experimental diets (RLL20–BCFL40) were formulated with either raw or treated (inoculated with fish intestinal bacteria) Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal at 20%, 30% and 40% levels replacing other ingredients partially from a fish meal based reference diet (RD). Two specific strains of fish intestinal bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (isolated from Cyprinus carpio) and B. circulans (isolated from Oreochromis mossambicus) having extracellular cellulolytic and amylolytic activities, were used to inoculate Leucaena leaf meal for 15 days at 37°C. The crude fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose contents and the antinutritional factors, tannin, phytic acid and mimosine in the leaf meal decreased due to inoculation. However, free amino acids and fatty acids increased in the treated leaf meal. The response of rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings fed the experimental diets for 80 days was compared with fish fed a RD. Both the inclusion level and type of Leucaena leaf meal in diets significantly affected the growth performance of rohu. Fish fed diets containing inoculated Leucaena leaf meal performed better in comparison with those with the RD. On the basis of growth response, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization, diet formulated with 30%Leucaena leaf meal inoculated with B. circulans resulted in the best performance of rohu fingerlings followed by diet with 40%B. subtilis inoculated Leucaena leaf meal. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) was better in fish fed diets containing B. circulans inoculated leaf meal. An increasing level of raw Leucaena leaf meal was associated with a decrease in the carcass protein content of rohu fingerlings. The activity of α‐amylase increased with the increasing level of treated leaf meal in diets. Cellulase activity increased with increasing level of inclusion of raw leaf meal, and was comparatively lower in fish fed diets with treated leaf meal. Activities of protease and lipase were higher in fish fed the RD. The results showed that it is possible to incorporate Leucaena leaf meal inoculated with enzyme‐producing fish intestinal bacteria in carp diets up to 40% level of inclusion.     

β-1,3-葡聚糖及其羧甲基衍生物对海湾扇贝免疫功能的影响

2003年3月和2004年4月，新疆某养殖场和西安灞桥区某养殖场的白斑狗鱼（Esox lucius Linnaeus）相继爆发“败血症”。从具有明显症状的濒死病鱼体表病灶和内脏组织分离得到12株优势菌株，经人工感染试验表明：其中10株分离菌为致病菌。对分离菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化试验鉴定，认为该病原菌为杀鲑气单胞菌史氏亚种（Aeromonas salmonida subsp．smith）。血清学试验表明各分离菌株具有相同的保护性抗原。组织病理学研究表明：患病狗鱼病灶肌纤维明显肿胀断裂，肌纤维束之间出现间隙；肝胰组织严重坏死，细胞核溶解消失，细胞浆崩解；肾小管绝大部分均已坏死，细胞破裂，胞浆呈红色团块状流失于管腔。脾脏细胞大量坏死，髓质内含铁血黄素沉积。代表菌株EL0304-1药敏试验结果为：对供试24种抗菌药物中的磺胺二甲嘧啶钠、磺胺二甲嚯唑钠等不敏感；庆大霉素、卡那霉素等中度敏感；对氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、新霉素等高度敏感。     

关于生物类基础化学教学中应用“问题学习法”的探讨

本文通过课前、课堂、课后三个部分的问题设置,紧扣教学大纲,紧密联系中学化学和后续课程中相关知识,体现理论联系实际、学科前沿。引领学生主动学习,积极思考,为后续课程学习起到积极的、有效的铺垫作用。     

硫素的营养诊断及对土壤、环境的影响

本文对硫素的营养诊断及硫肥对土壤、环境的影响作了系统的综述。内容主要包括硫肥的种类和性质、作物硫素营养诊断方法、硫肥的营养作用、土壤中硫的形态和作用以及硫肥对大气、水体的危害,并提出了施用硫肥时应注意的问题。