塘四平头种质的遗传改良与利用

自20世纪70年代以来,优质、抗逆、高配合力和适应性广的新种质匮乏,已成为影响玉米商业育种进一步发展的“瓶颈”。生产用种质的遗传脆弱性受到普遍关注,种质扩增、改良与创新成为作物育种研究最重要的发展方向。塘四平头种质对中国玉米育种和生产贡献巨大,因此,玉米育种工作者系统了解、掌握和应用其遗传改良和利用的目标、原则与依据、材料与方法以及途径非常必要,对新世纪继续沿用原有典型的杂种优势利用模式和创建新的杂种优势利用模式奠定基础,具有十分重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

Si3N4陶瓷/GCr15钢摩擦副复配添加剂协同效应

对Si3N4陶瓷/GCr15钢副在油性剂T406与极压抗磨剂P120复配作用下的摩擦磨损性质进行了对比试验研究.采用SSX-550型扫描电子显微镜观察试件的磨损表面形貌,并用能量散射谱仪进行了磨损表面的化学元素分析.结果表明,T406与P120复配对该摩擦副有较明显的减磨抗磨协同作用,最佳复配比例为1.0%T406＋2.0%P120.能谱分析结果表明,T406与P120复配时,产生的协同作用主要是在GCr15钢摩擦表面形成的化学反应膜,Si3N4陶瓷/GCr15钢副的磨损形式主要为磨料磨损和化学腐蚀磨损.     

硅对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养试验,通过添加不同浓度(0、0.5、1、1.5、2 mmol.L-1)的Na2SiO3作为硅供体,研究外源硅对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,140 mmol.L-1 NO3-胁迫下,外加1mmol.L-1 Na2SiO3处理7d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著升高;丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,说明外加1mmol.L-1Na2SiO3增强了黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO 3-胁迫的抗性增强;当Na2SiO3浓度高达2 mmol.L-1时,其叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均开始降低,MDA含量增加,黄瓜幼苗受害加重。可见,外加一定浓度的Na2SiO3(0.5～1 mmol.L-1)可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和降低膜脂过氧化来缓解NO3-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。     

寺庙与园林的有机结合——苏州治平寺修复解读

以苏州寺庙园林治平寺修复工程为例,在对其历史进行追溯梳理的基础上,从布局、遗号、植栽、意境的营造等方面,就其修复过程中的一些处理手法进行评述,以期为寺庙园林的艺术创造与环境改造设计提供借鉴价值。     

氮化硅陶瓷的ELID高速磨削工艺试验研究

在采用封闭式阴极装置实现高速ELID磨削的基础上,对氮化硅陶瓷的ELID高速磨削工艺机理进行了研究.通过与非ELID高速磨削工艺的对比,揭示了氮化硅陶瓷ELID高速磨削的工艺机理,并给出了其表面粗糙度、磨削力与工艺参数之间的变化规律.这些规律表明:ELID高速磨削工艺能大大地减小氮化硅陶瓷的表面粗糙度值及磨削力,获得较好的表面质量.此外,砂轮线速度和磨削深度对其表面粗糙度值没有显著影响,且变化没有明显规律;而工件速度对表面粗糙度值存在一定的影响,表面粗糙度值随着工件进给速度的提高而增加,即表面加工质量有下降的趋势;ELID高速磨削工艺中的各类磨削参数均对氮化硅陶瓷的磨削力产生重大影响:磨削深度增加或工件速度的加快,都使磨削力变大;砂轮线速度的增加则导致磨削力下降.     

硅对赤红壤中锰的解毒效应研究

采用培养试验方法研究了硅肥对酸性土壤中锰毒性的影响,旨在为酸性土壤锰毒害的防控提供科学依据.结果表明,甘蔗的根际效应明显,根际土壤中的pH值、有效硅含量较低而活性锰及水溶态锰、交换态锰、有机结合态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰含量均显著高于土体.然而,施用硅肥(偏硅酸钠)后,土壤活性锰含量和水溶态、交换态、有机结合态锰含量均显著降低,但是硅肥对根际土壤锰含量和形态的效应弱于土体;并且,施用硅肥使甘蔗地上部锰含量(47.1～112.1 mg/kg)显著降低,并且有随着硅肥用量(0.5～2.1 g/kg)增加而降低的趋势;虽然硅肥的施用也减少甘蔗地上部铁的含量,但铁锰比值却从对照的2.51增加至2.92～5.72之间.因此,施用硅肥后甘蔗株高、总生物量分别提高4.07％～15.24％、8.41％～28.03％.可见,硅肥的施用减轻了酸性土壤中锰的毒害.     

用土袋水培法研究水稻黄叶生理病

以土袋水培法,结合普通盆栽研究水稻黄叶生理病与红壤溶液Fe、Si关系果表明,与无稻红壤溶液相比,植稻红壤的Si/Fe下降而土袋水培Si/Fe升高。电子探针分析显示土培稻根表皮层细胞外壁的Fe峰很高,而土袋水培者的Fe峰很低或为零。讨论了土袋水培的Si/Fe升高的原因及其对消除水稻黄叶生理病的作用。     

硅和铬（Ⅲ）对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

高活力水稻种子经Cr（0，3，9，13μg／ml）及Cr＋Si（SiO280μg／ml）处理，对种子萌发无明显影响.经Cr处理后，幼苗增童，株高、根长、根数降低，经Cr＋Si处理后抑制根长，但根数、苗高、干物重、苗／根含残余胚乳及谷壳干重比均比对应浓度的Cr处理的高Cr处理使种子勾浆耗氧量降低，苗相对电导率及过氧化物酶活性升高，加Si处理的种子勾浆耗氧量比对应浓度Cr处理的高，苗相对电导率及过氧化物酶活性则相反.亦使苗可溶性蛋白含量降低，Cr＋Si处理则比对应浓度Cr处理的高3.9μg／mlCr处理，苗可溶性糖含量增加，Cr＋Si处理则使其降低.     

A contemporary overview of silicon availability in agricultural soils

Our current understanding of silicon (Si) availability in agricultural soils is reviewed and knowledge gaps are highlighted. Silicon is a beneficial rather than essential plant nutrient and yield responses to its application have been frequently demonstrated in Si‐accumulator crops such as rice and sugarcane. These crops are typically grown on highly weathered (desilicated) soils where soil solution Si concentrations are low. Increased yields are the result of simultaneous increases in plant tolerance to a wide range of biotic (plant pathogens, insect pests) and abiotic (water shortage, excess salts, metal toxicities) stresses. Traditionally, soil solution Si is viewed as being supplied by dissolution of primary and secondary minerals and buffered by adsorption/desorption of silicate onto Al and Fe hydrous oxide surfaces. In recent years it has become recognized that phytogenic cycling of Si [uptake of Si by plants, formation of phytogenic silica (SiO₂ · nH₂O) mainly in leaves and subsequent return of this silica to soils in plant litter] is the main determinant of soil solution Si concentrations in natural forests and grasslands. Considerable diminution of the phytogenic Si pool in agricultural soils is likely due to regular removal of Si in harvested products. A range of extractants (unbuffered salts, acetate‐based solutions, and acids) can provide valuable information on the Si status of soils and the likelihood of a yield response in rice and sugarcane. The most common Si fertilizers used are industrial byproducts (e.g., blast furnace slag, steel slag, ferromanganous slag, Ca slag). Since agriculture promotes soil desilication and Si is presently being promoted as a broad spectrum plant prophylactic, the future use of Si in agriculture is likely to increase. Aspects that require future research include the role of specific adsorption of silicate onto hydrous oxides, the significance of phytogenic Si in agricultural soils, the extent of loss of phytogenic Si due to crop harvest, the role of hydroxyaluminosilicate formation in fertilized soils, and the effect of soil pH on Si availability.     

Silicon uptake by wheat: Effects of Si pools and pH

Silicon (Si), although not considered essential, has beneficial effects on plant growth which are mostly associated with the ability to accumulate amorphous (phytogenic) Si, e.g., as phytoliths. Phytogenic Si is the most active Si pool in the soil–plant system because of its great surface‐to‐volume ratio, amorphous structure, and high water solubility. Despite the high abundance of Si in terrestrial biogeosystems and its importance, e.g., for the global C cycle, little is known about Si fluxes between soil and plants and Si pools used by plants. This study aims at elucidating the contribution of various soil Si pools to Si uptake by wheat. As pH affects dissolution of Si pools and Si uptake by plants, the effect of pH (4.5 and 7) was evaluated. Wheat was grown on Si‐free pellets mixed with one of the following Si pools: quartz sand (crystalline), anorthite powder (crystalline), or silica gel (amorphous). Silicon content was measured in aboveground biomass, roots, and soil solution 4 times in intervals of 7 d. At pH 4.5, plants grew best on anorthite, but pH did not significantly affect Si‐uptake rates. Total Si contents in plant biomass were significantly higher in the silica‐gel treatment compared to all other treatments, with up to 26 mg g^–1 in aboveground biomass and up to 17 mg g^–1 in roots. Thus, Si uptake depends on the conversion of Si into plant‐available silicic acid. This conversion occurs too slowly for crystalline Si phases, therefore Si uptake from treatments with quartz sand and anorthite did not differ from the control. For plants grown on silica gel, real Si‐uptake rates were higher than the theoretical value calculated based on water transpiration. This implies that Si uptake by wheat is driven not only by passive water flux but also by active transporters, depending on Si concentration in the aqueous phase, thus on type of Si pool. These results show that Si uptake by plants as well as plant growth are significantly affected by the type of Si pool and factors controlling its solubility.