高温蒸煮除油对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

[目的]探讨高温蒸煮除油对餐厨垃圾性状及厌氧发酵的影响。[方法]在37℃条件下,通过批式试验分析不同温度蒸煮去油后的餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气潜力。[结果]蒸煮除油处理提高了餐厨垃圾的sCOD、溶解性糖、溶解性蛋白的水解;未加热处理餐厨垃圾、110℃、120℃及130℃蒸煮除油后餐厨垃圾的单位挥发性固体(VS)产气潜力分别为766、578、624和646 ml/g;随着蒸煮除油温度提高,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的总固体(TS)和VS降解率增大。[结论]蒸煮除油可提高餐厨垃圾的水解效果,有利于提高产气潜力。     

原料差异对厌氧消化微生物群落的影响

以餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾、麦秸3种不同原料分别进行厌氧消化,研究了各反应器在最佳运行条件下的消化特性和微生物群落组成。结果表明:VS产气率由高到低依次为餐厨垃圾(756.4mL·g-1VS-1)、麦秸(696.5mL·g-1VS-1)和果蔬垃圾(433.5mL·g-1VS-1),甲烷含量在51.5%～55.1%之间,利用PCR-DGGE技术系统地分析了不同原料消化系统内细菌和古菌的群落结构构成及差异。结果表明,虽然3组样品中细菌和古菌的群落存在相同的优势微生物,但其数量和群落结构差异也较为明显,细菌中以拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)以及古菌中甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)和甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)均为样品共有的优势微生物。     

对虾WSSV病毒VP281基因的siRNA筛选研究

构建一个对虾WSSV VP281基因的siRNA筛选体系,获取有效siRNA,为进一步开展siRNA抗WSSV研究建立基础.根据已报道的VP281基因编码序列,设计并合成一对引物,扩增出带双酶切位点的VP2 81.对VP281和质粒pEGFP-C1分别酶切后进行连接,获取表达载体pEGFP-VP281.利用专业软件设计3对靶向VP281的siRNA(VP281 -siRNA1、VP281-siRNA2、VP281 -siRNA3),并合成siRNA,将3种siRNA分别与pEGFP-VP281共转染PK细胞.采用Western blot方法检测GFP-VP281融合蛋白的表达,半定量RT-PCR方法检验siRNA抑制VP2 81基因转录的效果.结果显示,pEGFP -VP281可在BHK细胞正常表达融合蛋白GFP-VP281.3对siRNA对GFP-VP281的mRNA转录均有不同程度的干扰效果,siRNA2的干扰效果最为显著.构建针对WSSV-VP281基因的siRNA筛选体系,初步验证了该系统的有效性,为开展siRNA抗WSSV研究建立了基础.     

污泥与餐厨垃圾的可酸化性能评价指标

[目的]研究污泥与餐厨垃圾的可酸化性能评价指标。[方法]以污泥与餐厨垃圾为试验对象,研究其酸化反应的pH、单位VS产VFA量及VS降解率变化。[结果]VS降解率与单位VS产VFA量可作为评价物料可酸化性能以及实际酸化效果的指标。低、中、高VS脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾可酸化性分别为39.74%、40.85%、42.42%、70.76%,与小试反应器结果对比表明,该方法确实可行。[结论]该研究对实际工程设计具有一定指导意义。     

纹党和红芪加工废弃物活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用

为了研究陇南道地中药材纹党和红芪加工废弃物中活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用,用低糖低脂饲料适应性喂养小鼠15 d,以剂量为500 mg·kg^-1颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖（D-galactose）溶液构建小鼠亚急性衰老模型。将建模成功的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、衰老模型组、纹党多糖（Codonopisis pilosula polysaccharides, CPP）、红芪多糖（Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharides ,CHP）剂量处理组和阳性（V_E170 mg·kg^-1）处理组。连续灌胃给药28 d,研究两种多糖对衰老小鼠体重及动物脏器指数、血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力变化以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化。经过测定,提取的纹党多糖和红芪多糖得率分别为16.52%和13.96%,纯度为 99.65%和99.38%,剂量在400 mg·kg^-1时纹党多糖对衰老小鼠治疗效果明显优于红芪多糖,其心脏和脾脏指数、血清中的SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力均高于模型组,血清中的MDA含量均低于模型组,对衰老小鼠具有缓解体重下降的作用。结果表明,纹党多糖和红芪多糖均能提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用,且纹党多糖和红芪多糖联用后抗氧化和抗衰老能力最好。     

球磨法合成钒基催化剂及其催化生物质制备甲酸

分别采用无溶剂机械球磨法和浸渍法合成了V/ZSM-5固体催化剂,通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、N2物理吸附和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等手段表征了催化剂的物相、表面形貌、V的价态、比表面积以及V的含量。结果表明,两种方法合成的催化剂中V元素的负载量接近(约为1.7%)。相比于传统浸渍法,本研究提出的球磨法无需任何溶剂,时间短(1 h),其合成的催化剂颗粒较小,比表面积更大(367.0 m^2·g^-1 vs 223.9 m^2·g^-1),且球磨法得到的催化剂V的价态较高,相同催化条件下球磨法合成的催化剂性能优于浸渍法合成的催化剂(45%vs 35%)。系统研究了不同实验因素对催化反应的影响规律,在温度180℃、水为溶剂、催化剂与底物质量比为1∶2、氧气3 MPa、反应时间30 min时,葡萄糖转化产甲酸的产率最高,达到45%。此外,在该球磨法合成的催化剂作用下,多种生物质基碳水化合物均能用来制备甲酸。本研究为金属负载型催化剂的设计合成提供了另一种途径,简单、高效、易操作且环境友好,对于木质纤维素类农林废弃物向高附加值化学品的转化具有重要意义。     

Nocturnal feeding reduces sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) pellet-catching ability

European sea bass exhibits a feeding rhythm with seasonal phase inversions: nocturnal feeding is predominant in winter, and diurnal feeding during the rest of the year. This explains the increased growth of sea bass fed at night during the winter months, but to fully assess such feeding practices, it is important to monitor food-catching efficiency in the dark. To evaluate the influence of nocturnal feeding on pellet-capture efficiency under laboratory conditions, we developed an infrared pellet detector linked to on-line recording with a microcomputer. Feed waste was recorded for eight groups of four sea bass (54.6±15.8 g body weight) fed either diurnal or nocturnal meals with long (>60 s) or short (<20 s) feed availability times. With short feed availability times, food-catching efficiency in complete darkness (0 lx) was reduced to 78.6%, compared to 93.5% in diurnally fed fish. This was confirmed in a second experiment, performed during winter, involving 4000 sea bass in four sea cages (1000 per cage) provided with self-feeders and pellets detectors. Feed waste amounted to less than 13% of the food distributed, but nocturnal demands (29% of total feed demands) were accompanied by higher levels of uneaten pellets (68% of the total feed waste) than diurnal demand. This suggests that if the aim is to reduce feed waste, nocturnal feeding should be restricted in sea cages.     

捕虾桁拖网网囊网目的选择性研究

当网囊网目分别为４０ｍｍ,４５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ时,哈氏仿对虾的５０％选择体长分别为８５．８８,９０．２６,９５．３２ｍｍ;中华管鞭虾的３０％选择体长为８７．５８,８８．０９,９２．５６ｍｍ;鹰爪虾的５０％选择丛长为８５．０４,８５．９６％,８８．３２ｍｍ。三种虾类的５０％选择体长和网囊网目内径的线性回归方程为,哈氏仿对虾Ｌ０．５－４８．０３＋０．９４Ｍｅ中华管鞭虾;Ｌ０．５＝６７．０＋０．４９８Ｍｅ     

Effect of crude oil extracts from trout offal as a replacement for fish oil in the diets of the Australian native fish Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii

The efficacy of trout oil (TO), extracted from trout offal from the aquaculture industry, was evaluated in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (25.4±0.81 g) diets in an experiment conducted over 60 days at 23.7±0.8 °C. Five isonitrogenous (48% protein), isolipidic (16%) and isoenergetic (21.8 kJ g^?1) diets, in which the fish oil fraction was replaced in increments of 25% (0–100%), were used. The best growth and feed efficiency was observed in fish fed diets containing 50–75% TO. The relationship of specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) to the amount of TO in the diets was described in each case by second‐order polynomial equations (P<0.05), which were: SGR=–0.44TO²+0.52TO+1.23 (r²=0.90, P<0.05); FCR=0.53TO²–0.64TO+1.21 (r²=0.95, P<0.05); and PER=–0.73TO²+0.90TO+1.54 (r²=0.90, P<0.05). Significant differences in carcass and muscle proximate compositions were noted among the different dietary treatments. Less lipid was found in muscle than in carcass. The fatty acids found in highest amounts in Murray cod, irrespective of the dietary treatment, were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). The fatty acid composition of the muscle reflected that of the diets. Both the n‐6 fatty acid content and the n‐3 to n‐6 ratio were significantly (P<0.05) related to growth parameters, the relationships being as follows. Percentage of n‐6 in diet (X) to SGR and FCR: SGR=–0.12X²+3.96X–32.51 (r²=0.96) and FCR=0.13X²–4.47X+39.39 (r²=0.98); and n‐3:n‐6 ratio (Z) to SGR, FCR, PER: SGR=–2.02Z²+5.01Z–1.74 (r²=0.88), FCR=2.31Z²–5.70Z+4.54 (r²=0.93) and PER=–3.12Z²–7.56Z+2.80 (r²=0.88) respectively. It is evident from this study that TO could be used effectively in Murray cod diets, and that an n‐3:n‐6 ratio of 1.2 results in the best growth performance in Murray cod.     

Effects of shrimp pond water on phytoplankton: importance of salinity and trophic status of the receiving environment

Aquaculture generates a large load of effluents rich in organic matter and nutrients that may be introduced into the environment. This study aimed to assess in a microcosm experiment, the effect of shrimp pond water mixed with Patos Lagoon estuary water on phytoplankton chlorophyll a and primary production, simulating two salinities. Chlorophyll a, dissolved inorganic nutrients and primary production were measured in two experiments. In Harvest I, salinity of shrimp pond and environment water was similar, and chlorophyll a showed different trends over time, according to the amount of nitrogen available. In Harvest II, with different salinities and high nutrient concentrations in environment water, chlorophyll a levels showed a similar increasing trend over time in all mixtures. Net primary production showed differences among treatments in the first sampling in Harvest I, but not in the second, whereas no differences were observed among treatments in Harvest II. We conclude that shrimp pond effluent can lead to short‐term variations in chlorophyll a and primary production levels, with similar salinities. Salinity differences result in lower chlorophyll a and primary production values than expected according to the nutrient input. Differences in salinity can be an important management strategy to choose the best harvest period.