甜菜短期轮作的综合调控技术

通过连续定位试验和在不同种植地区的反馈试验，结果表明：在耕作、栽培技术环节上采取综合调控技术措施，能够在短期轮作的基础上，实现提高根产量、含糖率和控制病害发生的良好效果。     

野外放养牲畜跟踪与定位技术的探索和设计(英文)

野外放养牲畜,牲畜活动量大、肉质鲜美,很受商家推崇。但是牲畜经常走失,使养殖成本增大,研究一种能够对牲畜定位技术对牲畜野外放养管理有很重要的意义。成熟的卫星定位技术——GPS、北斗、无线网络定位(蜂窝网络、WLAN和无线传感器网络辅助定位系统)和野生动物无线电追踪技术都可以直接应用,但受放养家畜活动地域地理环境复杂,以及经济承受能力等因素影响,实际应用有相当的难度。该文结合GPS定位和无线移动蜂窝网络定位技术原理,探索研究一种伪无线移动蜂窝网络定位技术用于野外家畜的定位和跟踪。分析表明,该技术能够满足复杂地理环境,同时利用智能电源管理和远程设备设定等功能控制设备可持续工作,这样就降低了单纯卫星定位的复杂性和高成本,可以满足野外放养牲畜的定位需求。这种对野外放养家畜的定位管理简单、实用、成本低,并可为更进一步研究提供基础支持。     

Seed rain and soil seed bank compensatory roles on Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth seedling recruitment in ungrazed and grazed sites

In semi-arid lands, vegetation is distributed in shrub patches immersed in a less vegetated interpatch matrix. Grazing affects perennial grass seed bank through a decrease in seed rain and an increase in seed predation and soil compaction. Nevertheless, some species with anchorage mechanisms in their seeds might overcome this, such as Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth. This is an important species in grazing paddocks because it has an intermediate palatability and its relatively tolerant to grazing. These characteristics allow N. tenuis to increase its abundance in grazed sites. Our objective was to assess how grazing affects the key palatable species from seeds to seedlings: i.e., seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment in different microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrub canopy. We hypothesized that: (1) the negative effects of grazing on N. tenuis fructification are reflected in its seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment, especially in interpatches; (2) Nassella tenuis seed rain reduction, soil compaction by cattle in grazed sites, and removal of seeds by wind decrease its soil seed bank, especially in microsites exposed to the predominant wind; and (3) the decrease in N. tenuis soil seed bank and cover increase in annual species in grazed sites have negative effects on its seedling recruitment, especially in microsites exposed to predominant wind. We placed seed traps, collected soil samples, and monitored seedling recruitment in different locations around shrub canopy to address our hypotheses. Also, we established a manipulative experiment in which we sow N. tenuis seeds and followed its recruitment in different microsites. We compared the seed rain, soil seed bank, natural seedling recruitment, and sown seeds recruitment of N. tenuis between grazed and ungrazed sites. We analyzed differences between microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrubs patches. Seed rain and soil seed bank had the same density in patches and interpatches both in ungrazed and grazed sites. But seed rain was higher, and soil seed bank was lower in ungrazed sites than in grazed sites. Almost all under-canopy microsites showed greater soil seed bank abundance and natural seedling recruitment in ungrazed sites. Sown seeds recruitment was the same between grazed and ungrazed sites, but it showed protective effects of shrubs in leeward microsites under grazed sites. As a conclusion, seed rain and soil seed bank are complementary under grazed sites.     

均匀切向流下汽车微穿孔管消声器声学性能分析

为探讨均匀切向流及消声器结构参数对汽车微穿孔管消声器声学性能的影响,综合考虑均匀流对微穿孔板声阻抗和消声器中心管道内声传播的影响,分别讨论了直通流与切向流对声波传播的影响机理。建立了切向流下微穿孔消声器的传递损失一维理论计算模型并加以验证,采用该模型计算的传递损失理论值与试验值更为接近,最大相对误差由27.3%降低到15%。并且基于该理论模型分析了均匀切向流下微穿孔消声器的声学性能及消声器结构参数对微穿孔消声器有流声学性能的影响。研究发现,微穿孔消声器主要外部尺寸参数对有流传递损失的影响与对无流情况大体相同,穿孔参数对无流声学性能影响很大,在常用范围内变化时最大浮动值多达18 d B,但在常用范围内变化基本不影响有流声学性能。该文研究为有流条件下微穿孔消声器的设计提供了参考。     

划区轮牧制度在草地资源可持续利用中的作用研究

通过对比研究放牧制度及围栏封育对退化草地植被的影响来探讨划区轮牧在退化草地植被恢复中的作用。结果表明，在相同的载畜率条件下，划区轮牧制度通过对放牧利用时间与空间的合理配置，使建群种短花针茅与优势种无芒隐子草在质量百分比、重要值、生产力等方面比连续放牧都有所提高，与围栏禁牧的对照小区有同样的恢复效果。因此，将划区轮牧用于荒漠草原植被恢复在实践中是可行的，是实现草地资源持续利用的有效途径之一，建议在今后的退化草地恢复中要从优化放牧方式上寻找新的发展出路。     

Effects of livestock breed and grazing intensity on biodiversity and production in grazing systems. 1. Nutritive value of herbage and livestock performance

Reduction of grazing intensity and the use of traditional instead of commercial breeds has frequently been recommended to meet biodiversity and production goals in sustainable grazing systems in Europe. To test the impact of such practices across a range of contrasting grassland types, integrated measurements of foraging behaviour, agronomic production and botanical, structural and invertebrate biodiversity were made over three years on four sites in the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The sites in the UK and Germany were mesotrophic grassland with high productivity and low to moderate initial levels of plant diversity, and were grazed by cattle. The French site was a semi‐natural, species‐rich grassland grazed by cattle. The Italian site contained a wider range in plant diversity, from species‐rich to mesotrophic grassland, and was grazed by sheep. The treatments were: MC, moderate grazing intensity with a commercial breed – this was designed to utilize herbage growth for optimum livestock production; LC, lenient grazing intensity with a commercial breed – this was designed to increase biodiversity by not fully utilizing herbage growth; and LT, lenient grazing intensity with a traditional breed – this was also designed to increase biodiversity. Neither fertilizers nor pesticides were applied. The nutritive value of the herbage and the performance of the livestock were measured. Mean stocking rates were proportionately 0·30–0·40 lower and mean sward heights and herbage mass on offer were 0·30–0·50 higher on the LC and LT treatments compared with the MC treatment. The proportion of live and dead material, and leaves and stems in the herbage, its chemical composition and nutritive value were little affected by the treatments. Individual livestock performance, measured as liveweight gain, showed no consistent response to treatment. In Germany, performance on the MC treatment was slightly lower than on the LC and LT treatments but no such difference was found on the sites in the other countries. Livestock breed did not have a strong effect on livestock performance. In the UK and France the traditional breeds had a lower performance but this was not the case in Germany or Italy. Livestock performance per ha of the LC and LT treatments was up to 0·40 lower than of the MC treatment. It is concluded that biodiversity‐targeted extensive grazing systems have potential to be integrated into intensive livestock production systems because the individual livestock performance reaches a similar level compared to a moderate grazing intensity. Traditional breeds did not have a production advantage over commercial breeds on extensively managed pastures.     

Relationships between the yield of perennial ryegrass and of small-leaved white clover under cutting or continuous grazing by sheep

Seven varieties or advanced breeding lines of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.), all of small leaf size, were grown separately in mixtures with perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) in an experiment encompassing three harvest years. Harvestable dry-matter (DM) yield measurements were taken of these mixtures and of perennial ryegrass monocultures under two management regimes: cutting and continuous sheep grazing. Considerable differences were observed in the harvestable DM yields of white clover, perennial ryegrass and total yields of the mixtures between plots containing different white clover varieties. White clover yields were generally higher under cutting, and perennial ryegrass yields were higher under grazing. The difference between perennial ryegrass yield in monoculture and in mixture was variable. In the second harvest year, a significant interaction effect was seen between management and white clover variety for white clover yield but not for perennial ryegrass yield. The relationship between clover yield and grass yield differed between the two management regimes. Under cutting, a negative correlation was observed, indicative of competitive effects. However, under grazing, no such correlation was seen. Possible mechanisms underlying these outcomes are discussed.     

放牧强度对干旱区高寒草地土壤线虫群落结构的影响

为了解不同放牧强度对巴音布鲁克高寒草地土壤线虫群落结构的影响,以巴音布鲁克高寒草地不同放牧强度(以羊数量计)下的土壤为研究对象,研究了轻度放牧(0.65只·hm-2)、中度放牧(2.09只·hm-2)和重度放牧(4.15只·hm-2)对土壤线虫群落结构的影响.结果 表明:三种放牧强度样地共获得土壤线虫1698条,分属于32科38属,中度放牧强度下土壤线虫数量最多,达22属1427条,重度放牧强度下土壤线虫的种类最多,达到26属191条.轻度放牧和中度放牧的共同优势属为绕线属(Plectus)和前矛线属(Prodorylamus),重度放牧强度下土壤线虫的优势属为丽突属(Acrobeles)和微矛线属(Microdorylaimus).土壤线虫数量主要分布在0～5 cm土层,并随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少;中度放牧强度下食细菌类(Bacterivores)、食真菌类(Fungivores)、植物寄生类(Plant-parasites)和捕食/杂食类(Predators/Omnivores)线虫的数量显著高于轻度放牧和重度放牧.不同放牧强度下,土壤含水量、养分和pH影响土壤线虫数量、群落多样性和功能结构.研究表明,中度放牧强度下土壤线虫个体密度最高,土壤生态系统食物网相对稳定,有利于高寒草地生态系统的维持.     

Differences in Species Composition and Stand Characteristics of Mixed Upland Hardwood Forests of North Alabama as Reflected by the Presence of Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.)

The mixed hardwood forests of North Alabama and adjacent states contain stands of varied specks composition and stand structure, with much variation associated with the presence of Eastern redcedar (Juniperus viginiana L.) within the stands. This study quantified the composition of 44 stands within these forests with discriminate analysis, cluster analysis and tree area ratio modeling. Little variation in the presence of specific species was found on plots with Eastern redcedar when compared to plots without this species, but the number of individuals and their portion of the total stand structure did vary between the two types of stands. Twenty-seven species were grouped into six clusters, with associated species differing between plots with and without eastern redcedar. Eastern redcedar sites did appear to reflect lower productivity, with the trees smaller in diameter and shorter in height. Additional stand structure information is also discussed.     

Relationships between landforms,geomorphic processes,and plant communities on a watershed in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

The close correlation of plant communities to landforms and geomorphic surfaces resulted from differences in the redistribution of water and organic matter between landform in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Biotic processes are limited by water and nitrogen, and the interactions between landforms, geomorphic processes, soils, and plant communities control the redistribution of these limiting resources within internally drained catchments. Geomorphic processes are regulated by the geologic structure and gross topographic relief of internally drained catchments over geological time scales. Land forming processes can be viewed as static at time scales of 10's to 100's of years, with individual landforms regulating geomorphic processes, namely erosion and deposition resulting from the horizontal redistribution of water within the catchment. The vegetation composition is a critical feedback, reinforcing the erosional or depositional geomorphic processes that dominate each landform. The Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research site may be one of the simplest cases in which to decipher the relationship between landforms, geomorphic processes and plant communities. However, these geomorphic processes are common to all internally drained catchments throughout the Basin and Range Province, and result in the development of characteristic landforms and associated vegetation communities. Although the patterns may be modified by differences in parent material, watershed size, and land use history — erosional, depositional, and transportational landforms can still be identified. The sharpness of ecotones between plant communities on individual landforms is related to the degree to which landforms are linked through the flow of water and sediment. Sharp ecotones occurred at the transition from depositional to erosional landforms where little material was transferred and steep environmental gradients are maintained. Gradual ecotones occurred at the transition from erosional to depositional landforms where large quantities of material were transferred leading to the development of a gradual environmental gradient. The relationships between geomorphic processes and vegetation communities that we describe have important implications for understanding the desertification of grasslands throughout semi-arid regions of North America. Disturbances such as grazing and climate change alter the composition of plant communities, thereby affecting the feedbacks to geomorphic processes, eventually changing drainage patterns and the spatial patterns of plant communities supported within the landscape.