Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: Using force plate analysis (FPA), determine ground reaction forces in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLS) and evaluate the effects of lumbosacral decompressive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Twelve dogs with DLS. METHODS: DLS was diagnosed by clinical signs, radiography, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging. FPA was performed before surgery, and 3 days, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. The mean peak braking (Fy+), peak propulsive (Fy-), and peak vertical (Fz+) forces of 8 consecutive strides were determined. The ratio between the total Fy- of the pelvic limbs and the total Fy- of the thoracic limbs (P/TFy-), reflecting the distribution of Fy-, was analyzed to evaluate any changes in locomotion pattern postoperatively. Ground reaction force data for DLS dogs were compared with data derived from 24 healthy dogs (control). RESULTS: In dogs with DLS, the propulsive forces (Fy-) of the pelvic limbs were significantly smaller than those of controls. P/TFy- was significantly smaller in dogs with DLS than in control dogs, and increased during the follow-up period, reaching normal values 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Cauda equina compression in dogs with DLS decreases the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs and surgical treatment restores the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs in a 6-month period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with DLS, FPA is an effective method in evaluating the response to surgical treatment. Normal propulsive force in the pelvic limbs was restored during 6 months after decompressive surgery.     

自适应低振动步行轮仿生设计与性能分析

为提高具有高通过性的步行轮平顺性,基于鸵鸟足运动姿态与跖趾关节储能减振机理,运用工程仿生学原理与技术,设计了一种仿生自适应低振动步行轮。有限元数值模拟结果表明,轮上载荷30 N,角速度10(°)/s情况下,相比于传统步行轮,仿生步行轮轮心波动范围在软路面和硬路面分别降低了85.71%和93.33%。采用轻载荷月壤/车轮土槽测试系统验证了仿生步行轮的减振性能。当滑转率小于40%时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力均大于传统步行轮;当滑转率大于40%,且仅在角速度为20(°)/s时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力才小于传统步行轮,表明仿生步行轮在松软地面具有较好的牵引通过性。同时,相比于传统步行轮,当角速度为30(°)/s时,仿生步行轮在软路面和硬路面的加速度分别减少了6.3%和15.8%,振幅分别减小了14.6%和9.6%。在保证松软地面优越牵引通过性能前提下,仿生步行轮比传统步行轮的轮心波动更小,振动明显降低,有效解决了步行轮多边形效应引起的振动问题。     

Management of Grazing Intensity in the Semi‐Arid Rangelands of Southern Australia: Effects on Soil and Biodiversity

Overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation altering plant community composition, erosion and biodiversity. Little unanimity in the literature exists on the effects of livestock grazing on soil carbon and biodiversity, in part, due to uncontrolled grazing pressure from native and feral animals. Paired paddock contrasts at three, long‐term (>8 years) study locations in the southern Australian rangelands were used to examine the effects of managing grazing intensity through the use of exclusion fencing and rotational grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (TN), ground cover and biodiversity (flora and invertebrates). Grazing management had no effect on SOC or TN on grey soils (Vertisols), but for red soils (Lixisols), significantly higher levels of SOC were found for both the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10‐cm soil depths (0·3% and 0·27% respectively) and associated with increased TN. We found strong and consistent relationships among SOC and higher perennial (p < 0·001), higher litter (p < 0·05) cover and close proximity to trees (p < 0·05). Managing grazing intensity resulted in significantly higher perennial ground cover (p < 0·001) on Vertisols (8·9 to 11%) and Lixisols (12·5 to 15%) and higher plant diversity (both native and exotic) but negatively impacted invertebrate diversity, indicating trade‐offs between production and resources. We provide evidence that the effects of grazing management on SOC are mediated by ground cover and increased organic matter supply and/or reduced soil carbon redistribution (erosion), which indicates that the management of grazing intensity may provide a tool to avoid soil carbon loss in rangelands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布与土壤水分关系的研究

通过对毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布的研究表明:不同水分梯度根系分布随土壤深度的增加呈指数形式下降,不同梯度由于土壤水分、植被根系类型的差异,不同水分梯度植被根系的空间分布也有差异,不同梯度根量随土壤垂直深度的模拟方程分别为:y=9.5736e-0.1341x,R2=0.8859(I);y=16.246e-0.2037x,R2=0.9301(II);y=32.001e-0.1904x,R2=0.9544(III);y=28.336e-0.1993x,R2=0.9484(IV)。不同水分梯度土壤含水率变化程度不同,同一水分梯度各层土壤含水率变化幅度亦有差异,0.1m土壤含水率变异系数最大,随着土壤深度增加变异系数减小,根据土壤含水率变异系数分析我们将各层土壤水分垂直变化划分为活跃层(0-0.1m)、次活跃层(0.2-0.6m)、相对稳定层(1m)(I、II、III);而对IV梯度划为活跃层(0-0.1m、1m)、相对稳定层(0.3m)。根系生物量垂直分布与其对应土壤含水率有明显相反的关系,土壤含水率的变化与根系生物量的变化趋于相反,当土壤含水率增大时相应区域根系生物量减小;反之则增加。随水分梯度的增加各梯度最高水分利用层逐渐向表层发展,从第I梯度0.4m的6.84到第IV梯度0.1m的14.33。     

严格意义的无霜期统计方法探讨

根据霜冻和无霜期对农作物生长的影响及农业气候区划的指导意义,比较无霜期与严格意义上的“无冻期”的关系和区别,分析霜冻出现的初、终日与霜、结冰现象及气温、地面温度、草面温度≤0℃出现的初日、终日之间的关系,探讨“无霜冻期”的合理统计方法,并通过对鄂东地区的麻城、浠水、黄石三地的无霜期和“无冻期”的统计,总结两者的差异和特征,从而为正确理解和统计无霜冻期,提出一套新的观点和方法,为指导农业生产和农业气候区划提供依据。     

播种深度对高粱出苗和幼苗生长的影响

为了明确高粱的适宜播种深度,观察不同高粱品种对不同播种深度的耐深播差异,研究了8 种播种深度对3 个高粱品种出苗和幼苗生长的影响,出苗时记载不同播种深度下高粱的出苗速度和出苗率,出苗结束后,调查其地上部分幼苗生长量、胚轴长度和种子根长度。结果表明：随着覆土厚度的增加幼苗出苗速度明显减慢。在播深3 cm、5 cm和7 cm处理下,各品种从播种至出苗需要5 天,在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm 和13 cm 处理下,需要5~7 天,在播深17 cm 处理下为7~11 天。在播深12 cm、13 cm 和17 cm处理下‘晋中0822’较其他2 个品种从播种至出苗所需时间早2~4 天。不同播深处理下高粱完成出苗所需要时间也不尽相同。在播深3 cm、5 cm和7 cm处理下,各品种完成出苗所需时间为9 天,在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm和13 cm处理下,需要9~13 天,在播深17 cm处理下需13 天。品种‘晋中0822’在播深8 cm、10 cm、12 cm和13 cm处理下9 天完成出苗,较其他2 个品种早。播种深度对3 个高粱品种的出苗率亦有显著影响。随着播种深度的增加,3 个高粱品种的平均出苗率不断降低。3 cm和5 cm为高粱最适播种深度。在播深3 cm、5 cm、7 cm、8c m、10cm和12 cm处理下品种‘晋中0822’出苗率显著高于其他品种。此外,播种深度对幼苗的生长发育也有显著影响。随着播种深度增加,3 个高粱品种的地上部分幼苗生长量和种根长显著降低,而胚轴长度显著增加。在3cm和5 cm播深处理下幼苗生长量、种根长和胚轴长与其他各处理差异显著。在播深7 cm、8 cm、10 cm、12 cm、13 cm和17 cm处理下‘晋中0822’品种各指标与其他品种差异显著。     

活化磷矿粉在砖红壤上的施用效果

砖红壤酸性强和活性铁、铝含量高，对磷固定强烈，磷肥有效性低．为了提高磷肥利用率，将高分子有机化合物与磷矿粉混合加工制成活化磷矿粉，分别施用于种植甘蔗的新垦砖红壤和种植大白菜的严重侵蚀砖红壤以及种植花生的水旱轮作熟化砖红壤，结果表明：施用活化磷矿粉的肥效至少与过磷酸钙相当，甚至优于过磷酸钙．因此，为了节省生产成本和改良土壤，活化磷矿粉值得在砖红壤区推广应用。     

不同稻作制下红壤性水稻土氮矿化特性的研究

以湖南省长沙地区发育于第四纪红土上的红壤性水稻土为材料,用淹水密闭培养法、生物法以及化学测定法等研究了不同稻作制对红壤性水稻土氮矿化特性的影响。结果表明,在不同稻作制之间,氮矿化势、有机质、全氮、水解性有机氮、易矿化氮,叶绿素类化合物含量及谷氨酰胺酶,天门冬酰胺酶活性大小具有一致的变化趋势,即稻—稻—冬泡>稻—稻—绿肥>稻—稻—油菜;氮矿化势与土壤有机质、全氮、水解性有机氮之间呈极显著正相关;易矿化氮与叶绿素类化合物含量之比近于常数;酰胺酶活性与水解性有机氮之间也呈显著正相关:水稻吸氮量与氮矿化势之间呈极显著正相关,以培养法测得的氮矿优势比其它几种化学法测得的氮矿化势指标作为水稻土供氮能力的指标要好。     

贡嘎山冷杉纯林地被物及土壤持水特性

为了研究贡嘎山冷杉(Abies fabri)纯林林下地被物及林地土壤在水土保持、水源涵养方面的作用,该文通过对贡嘎山4种林龄的冷杉纯林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)林下地被物持水特性及林地土壤物理实验,得到不同林龄林下地被物最大持水量、吸水速度等水文特征参数及林地土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度等物理特性参数.结果表明,成熟林林下苔藓层持水量最大,为其风干重的343.5%,过熟林林下的为284.5%,中龄林林下的为282.5%,幼龄林林下的为250%.成熟林林下枯落物最大持水量为其风干重的301.8%,过熟林林下的为226.4%,中龄林林下的为209.4%,幼龄林林下的为205.4%.经分析拟合,得到林下苔藓层、林下枯落物吸水速度与浸泡时间之间关系式S=ktn.贡嘎山冷杉纯林林地土壤容重为0.851～1.136 g/cm3,土壤饱和含水量为55.29%～83.96%,毛管持水量为44.48%～75.41%,田间持水量为39.50%～65.86%.     

沈阳市苏家屯区农田土壤有效氮磷钾含量变化的分析

对沈阳市苏家屯区露地和保护地土壤有效氮、磷、钾养分现状进行了调查 ,对露地土壤有效磷、钾在20年间含量变化进行了分析。结果显示 :露地土壤有效氮肥力水平较高 ,全区平均含量为98.96mg·kg-1 ;20年间 ,土壤有效磷含量递增 ,平均含量从1980年的4.96mg·kg-1 上升到2000年的11.61mg·kg-1;土壤有效钾呈递减趋势 ,平均含量从1980年的128.08mg·kg-1下降到2000年的79.90mg·kg-1,平均每年降低1.90%。保护地土壤有效氮、磷、钾含量随使用年限的增加呈上升趋势。