马铃薯2x-2x,4x-2x和2x-4x杂交产生的四倍体杂种块茎产量和特性的优势表现及遗传分析

利用能产生2n配子的二倍体杂种与四倍体普通栽培种(S.tuberosum L.)和四倍体新型栽培种(Neo—tuberosum)进行了2x-2x,4x-2x和2x-4x间的杂交,获得了18个杂交组合的4x杂种家系,将这些家系与其10个4x亲本品种(品系)及对照品种在同一地点进行了连续两年的比较试验。结果表明:4x杂种家系单株平均块茎产量比亲本两年分别高16％和19％;其中最好的6个杂种家系比较好的4个品种(品系)分别高20％和43％;杂种产量的优势主要表现在单株块茎数目的显著增多,但在块茎商品率方面则与4x亲本差异不显著,而且杂种块茎的表现还不如4x亲本及对照品种,这是由于具2n配子特性的2x亲本这些性状较差所致。试验结果还表明杂种的遗传背景愈复杂其杂种优势也愈强,进一步说明马铃薯的产量与遗传异质性(多样性)的强弱可能有明显关系,利用2n配子特性可获得较高的遗传异质性。     

Nature of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) genetic diversity prevalent in a Pacific Ocean island, Vanua Lava, Vanuatu

Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), cultivated in Vêtuboso, a village of northern Vanuatu, Melanesia, was surveyed to: (1) assess the extent of morphological and molecular variation being maintained by growers at the village level and, (2) compare this diversity with the diversity found in the crops in Vanuatu. Ethnobotanical data were combined with AFLP analysis to elucidate possible sources of variation. Folk assessment of variation is based on: (a) morphological characteristics (11 characters), (b) names and (c) classification according to habitat, uses, origin and agronomic adaptation. This 3-fold approach allowed growers to differentiate 96 morphotypes, all of which are given distinct vernacular names. AFLP fingerprints successfully differentiated all these 96 morphotypes which do not present a significant intra-clonal variation. But genetic results showed no clear groupings according to geographic origin or habitat of morphotypes and stated that the diversity found within the village was comparable with the overall diversity found in Vanuatu. Local nomenclature and stories associated with each cultivar suggested three sources of diversity: introductions (38%), somatic mutations (15%) and sexual recombinations (48%). AFLP results confirm folk beliefs about origin at least for three pairs of mutants. The 11 so-called wild forms analysed by AFLP were suggested to be feral, escapes from domestication. A dynamic in situ conservation strategy (DISC), favouring a broadening of the national genetic base, was discussed for taro.     

日本对虾种虾干包装运输与性腺培育技术探讨

本文报道了日本对虾种虾干包装运输与性腺培育试验效果。种虾在暂养和分级降温低温休眠后,用低温木屑干包装,经10-15h运输,存活率达94.6％-96.8％。种虾性腺培育期间,切除眼柄后第3d存活率为62.5％-79.3％,第8d存活率为41.9％-61.2％。一批种虾连续产卵11-15d,平均产卵量为23.3-37.3万粒/尾。     

Ivermectin impairs sexual behavior in sexually naïve, but not sexually experienced male rats

Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic drug, widely used in domestic animals. In mammals, IVM act as a GABA agonist. This neurotransmitter has an important role in the regulation of sexual behavior. Thus, this study sought to investigate the effects of various medically relevant doses IVM on the sexual behavior of male rats. In particular, we also wished to examine if previous sexual experience modulated responses to IVM. In the first experiment, the sexual behavior of inexperienced male rats was analyzed after they received 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg IVM, 15 min prior to behavioral testing. In the second experiment, the effects of four previous sexual experiences on IVM treated rats (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg, 15 min prior to the 5th session) were assessed. The standard therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg) did not impair the sexual behavior of inexperienced male rats. At a more concentrated dose (0.6 mg/kg), which is still within the therapeutic range, the appetitive phase of sexual behavior of inexperienced male rats was impaired. Likewise, 1.0 mg/kg impaired the appetitive phase. Previous sexual experience blocked almost entirely this sexual impairment, suggesting that previous sexual experience exerts a positive effect in attenuating the sexual impairment produced by IVM treatment. Therefore, the standard therapeutic dose of IVM can be used without producing side effects on sexual behavior. Use of more concentrated therapeutic doses is not recommended during reproductive periods, unless the animals have had previous sexual experience.     

利用休眠控制河蟹性腺早熟的养殖试验

该项试验是针对近年来在河蟹养殖中幼蟹（扣蟹）性腺早熟提出的研究课题。根据顾景龄等“河蟹生长规律及性腺早熟控制的研究”证明：幼蟹性腺早熟的主要原因是６月至７月底期间，幼蟹蜕壳过频，生长过快所致、为控制幼蟹的性腺早熟，我们经过多年的试验研究，探索出利用“休眠”控制其早熟的养殖方法，并于１９９３年６月至９月３０日，在天津宁河县试验林场６． ６７ｈｍ２的河蟹精养池塘进行了生产性试验，在 ６月 １０日至 ８月 ５日期间，停止投饵、换水，使幼蟹进入休眠状态，８月５日以后，驯化投喂人工配合饵料，并严格控制水质，到９月３０日，幼蟹平均个体重达 ２３．９ ｇ，与对照组平均体重２５． ７ ｇ相近似，试验组早熟率不超过 ４％，而对照池（３．３３ ｈｍ２）几乎全部早熟。因此可以说这是一种控制幼蟹早熟简单而有效的方法。     

上农玉芹的选育及其特性

上农玉芹是上海农学院利用有性杂交法培育成功的芹菜新品种。经多年种植表明,该品种结合了父本美国实心芹和母本上海黄心芹的许多优点,小区试验的产量比母本黄心芹高出 30％以上（“玉芹”为每公顷5.25万公斤左右,“黄心芹”为3.67万公斤左右）,香味介于父、母本之间。该品种抗虫性、耐热和耐冻等特性都超过双亲或单亲之一。南至海南岛,北至江苏徐州等地均可种植。由于该品种高产、优质,且易栽培,因此自选育成功至1995年,种植面积已达2000公顷,占上海芹菜种植面积的70％。     

Mating Type Alleles,Female Fertility and Genetic Diversity of Magnaporthe grisea Populations Pathogenic to Rice from Some Asian Countries

Five hundred and twenty-two isolates of Magnaporthe grisea isolated from rice in 5 Asian countries were characterized for their mating type by crossing them with 4 hermaphroditic isolates (KA3 and TH2: MAT1.1; Guy11 and TH-16: MAT1.2). Among them, 41% were MAT1.1 and 25% were MAT1.2.The remaining 34% did not produce perithecia with any of the 4 hermaphroditic testers. In Bangladesh, India,Nepal, Vietnam and in most provinces of China, both mating types were present. Only one mating type was found in 3 provinces and 1 city of China. Almost all the isolates had very low fertility, as they were in general female sterile and sometimes also male sterile. Hermaphroditic isolates were recovered from the 5 countries. In these countries, they represented between 13% and 75% of the isolates. In Zhejiang, Guizhou, Guangdong,Hunan, Yunnan and H-ubei provinces of China, hermaphroditic isolates represented between 6% and 67%.The genetic diversity of 143 isolates from these countries and provinces, where hermaphroditic isolates had been collected, was analyzed using SCAR markers. Genetic diversity was high and population structure did not resemble classical clonal structure described in most rice growing regions. The existence of sexual reproduction in the field, localization of a center of diversity in China, and migration between countries were discussed in this paper.     

Inhibition of sexual maturation in tank reared haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) through the use of constant light photoperiods

The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is believed to be a potential candidate for aquaculture in the Atlantic coastal countries including the UK, Norway and Canada. However, under culture conditions, haddock will sexually mature prior to the attainment of a suitable harvest weight. Therefore, a long term tank based experiment was performed where three populations of haddock (hatched spring 2002, approximately 150 fish per population) were exposed to either a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) or SNP until January or July 2003 and thereafter continuous illumination (Jan LL or July LL respectively) with individual growth rate and maturation status being recorded until July 2004 (27 months post-hatch). While the SNP treated population matured in the spring of 2004 (two years post-hatch) with 88% of the population being observed to release gametes, no mature individuals were observed in either of the LL treated populations and furthermore there was no evidence of gonadal development or elevation in sex steroids (testosterone, estradiol-17β or calcium). The application of LL appeared to directly stimulate the growth rate of haddock (e.g. 14 to 27% increase in weight thermal growth coefficient) and improve food conversion rates. At the end of the trial there was an approximate 50% increase in wet weight (SNP: 647 ± 53 g, Jan LL: 982 ± 34 g and July LL 985 ± 33 g), however no significant difference in weight in relation to the length of LL exposure was observed. Plasma melatonin analysis revealed that the natural diel rhythm had been inhibited in both LL treated populations. Along with highlighting the similarity in reproductive entrainment between haddock and other gadoids, these results demonstrate how photoperiod manipulation could be used as a management strategy to improve growth performance in farmed haddock stocks.     

豆薯(Pachyrhizus erosus(L.)Urban)小孢子发生及雄配子体的形成

豆薯(Pachyrhizus erosus(L.)Urban)孢原细胞位于表皮下,多个。花药四室。花药壁发育属于“基本型”,由表皮细胞,药室内壁细胞,两层中层细胞和绒毡层细胞五层组成。分泌型绒毡层为单核细胞。花药开裂时具三层细胞:表皮层、纤维层和中层。小孢子母细胞的分裂是连续的。四分体多为等四面体型,少数为左右对称型或交叉型。散粉时花粉粒具二个细胞,三个萌发孔,孔上有特殊结构的帽状物。