不同浓度的NaCl处理对海马齿叶片中Na+和K+含量的影响

为了解Na＋在植物盐境生长时发挥的作用,笔者采用不同浓度的NaCl（0,300,600,900mmol·L-1）处理,研究盐生草本植物海马齿（Sesuvium portulacastrum）叶片中Na＋和K＋的变化规律。结果表明,300mmol·L-1的NaCl处理条件下海马齿的生物量显著增加;原子吸收光谱与X-Ray-能谱-扫描电镜分析结果显示,海马齿的叶片中积累了大量的Na＋,且随着NaCl浓度的增加,Na＋含量呈显著增加而K＋含量降低。这表明Na＋作为海马齿的营养元素在一定浓度范围内可以促进植株生长,但其浓度过高时则影响钾离子的吸收产生毒害作用。     

盐生植物海马齿盐胁迫全长cDNA文库的构建与分析

为了研究盐生植物耐盐基因表达调控,本实验以海水浇灌的海马齿植株为供试材料,构建了盐胁迫下的全长cDNA文库。构建方法如下：采用改良的CTAB法提取总RNA,SMART法反转录合成cDNA,LD-PCR方法合成双链cDNA。LD-PCR产物经蛋白酶K消化和SfiⅠ酶切后,经CHROMA SPIN＋TE-1000分离柱子除去小片段DNA后,回收0.5kb以上的片段,按照适当的比例连接λTripIEX2载体。连接产物利用MaxPlaxTMLambda Packaging Extracts进行体外包装,得到海马齿初级cDNA文库。初始文库的独立克隆数为2.4×106pfu,初级文库滴度大于4.80×106pfu/mL,重组率为93.75%,插入片段为0.5～5kb,扩增文库的滴度为1.21×109pfu/mL,所得文库质量较高。本研究表明该cDNA文库适合于盐生植物海马齿相关基因的克隆和分析。     

Evaluation of herbicides against Phalaris minor in wheat in north-western Indian plains

Phalaris minor, the most serious weed in wheat in north‐western India, has developed extensive isoproturon resistance due to continuous isoproturon use. For its control, alternative herbicides (flufenacet, metribuzin and sulfosulfuron) at different application rates and timing were evaluated in wheat. In addition, herbicide carryover risk onto rotational crops (sorghum; maize and green gram, Vigina radiata) was also assessed. Isoproturon at 1 and 2 kg a.i. ha^?1 provided only 10.5% and 51.8%P. minor control respectively. Of the other herbicides, early post‐emergent [15–21 days after sowing (DAS)] flufenacet at 180–480 g a.i. ha^?1 provided acceptable control of P. minor, but failed to control broad‐leaved weeds and was phytotoxic to the wheat crop. Metribuzin at 210 g a.i. ha^?1 was effective in controlling both Phalaris and dicotyledonous weeds. Mixtures of both flufenacet and metribuzin at reduced rates were better than flufenacet for weed control and grain yield. The efficacy of flufenacet and metribuzin was drastically reduced with later growth stages of P. minor (four to five leaf). Whereas sulfosulfuron at 25–30 g a.i. ha^?1, applied either early post‐emergence (19 DAS) or post‐emergence (30–42 DAS), was quite effective. Overall, sulfosulfuron was the most effective treatment with regard to weed control and crop yield. However, maize and sorghum grown in rotation after harvest of sulfosulfuron‐treated wheat plots showed 65–73% crop biomass inhibition. The residual effect of sulfosulfuron was also noticed on Trianthema portulacastrum (Horse purslane), causing 73.5% dry matter reduction. By contrast, no carryover damage with flufenacet was observed on maize, sorghum and green gram. Glasshouse pot experiments and field trials investigating crop sensitivity to pre‐plant applications of sulfosulfuron found the decreasing order: sorghum > maize > green gram. The risk of carryover onto rotational crops should be considered when choosing alternative herbicides for P. minor control in wheat.     

Interference and economic threshold of horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) in soybean cultivation in northern India

Soybean is the most important oilseed crop that is grown in India. Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.) infests soybean heavily, causing enormous yield losses and threatening the sustainability of the soybean production system. Information on the interference and economic threshold of horse purslane will be useful for the effective management of horse purslane in soybean. This will lead to the rationalization of herbicide use and the reduction of herbicide input into the environment. It was observed in this study that “a composite stand of weeds including horse purslane”, and 200 horse purslane plants per m² were equally competitive to soybean. These two treatments resulted in a higher dry weight, growth rate, and uptake of N, P, and K by the weeds and/or horse purslane, compared to the other treatments. They caused more reductions in soybean growth (dry weight, height, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf area index) and resulted in a more significant yield reduction than did the other treatments. The weed density–crop yield and the relative leaf area–crop yield models were found to be equally effective in simulating soybean yield losses in relation to a wide range of horse purslane densities and the regression equations were a good fit. The quadratic equations revealed that a density of approximately six, five, and four horse purslane plants per m² would be the economic threshold levels of horse purslane in soybean cultivation, when considering the 70, 80, and 90% horse purslane control efficiencies, respectively, of the herbicide, lactofen.     

Morphological and molecular diversity analysis among the Indian clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesuvium portulacastrum</Emphasis> L.

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (seapurslane) is a halophyte used as pioneer species in sand dune fixation and stabilization of saline soil. Studies on the morphological and molecular diversity were carried out for the 14 clones of Sesuvium collected from the different coastal regions of India. Significant differences were observed for morphological traits viz., length, width, diameter and area of leaf, internodal distance and stem diameter for different clones when compared with the clone from Gujarat state (GJ1). A UPGMA dendrogram for morphological traits based on the Pearson’s similarity coefficient clustered the clones into three groups considering 80% polymorphism as criteria. Molecular diversity among the clones was studied using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and markers specific to Ac homologous region. Of the total 749 RAPD loci amplified with 70 random primers, 294 were polymorphic with 39.25% diversity. A phylogenetic tree constructed with UPGMA and SHAN, grouped the clones into three major clades based on RAPD data. The molecular diversity studied with ITS and markers specific to Ac homologous region revealed 37.50% and 66.66% polymorphism and clustered the clones into three and four clades, respectively. The genetic diversity analysis revealed wide variations among the S. portulacastrum clones, reflecting a high level of diversity within the species which might be due to anthropogenic impact and geographic environmental conditions. Further, the various clones from the different eco-geographic coastal localities might have originated from native places of wild abundance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate both morphological and genetic diversity among the Sesuvium clones collected from the distant habitats of the coastal regions of the India.     

海马齿Spmet基因表达产物的亚细胞定位

为研究从海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumand L.)中克隆的Spmet基因在植株体内亚细胞水平上的分布情况及组织表达的特异性,将Spmet基因的编码区定向克隆至植物表达载体pCAMBIA-1304上,使其与mgfp（绿色荧光蛋白）基因融合,构建Spmet基因植物瞬时表达载体,使用基因枪法将该表达载体导入洋葱表皮细胞,通过荧光激发,在荧光显微镜下观察洋葱表皮细胞中的绿色荧光部位,确定其在细胞中的表达部位。同时利用半定量PCR的方法对其在根、茎、叶中的表达特性进行分析。结果表明,该基因在海马齿植物的根、茎、叶中均有表达,表达量为叶>茎>根,融合蛋白主要分布在洋葱表皮细胞的细胞核上,细胞膜上也有微量表达。说明海马齿2型金属硫蛋白基因在海马齿植物中属于组成型表达,同时是一个核表达的基因,该结果为进一步研究Spmet基因在抗重金属方面发挥的作用打下了基础。     

海马齿Na~+/H~+逆转运蛋白基因SpNHX1的克隆及表达模式

从盐生植物海马齿中克隆了Na+/H+逆转运蛋白基因SpNHX1,生物信息学分析结果表明,Sp NHX1蛋白与拟南芥At NHX1和At NHX2的相似度分别达到了76.35%和77.12%,从而推测,SpNHX1可能具有与At NHX1和At NHX2相似的功能,能将Na+区隔到液泡中,提高植物耐盐性。采用荧光定量PCR的方法,对SpNHX1基因在4种胁迫(600 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫、100μmol·L-1ABA胁迫、4℃低温胁迫、20%PEG6000干旱胁迫)下的表达量进行了研究。结果表明:SpNHX1基因在根和茎中受盐胁迫诱导上调表达,叶中表达量变化较小;而在ABA胁迫、4℃低温胁迫、20%PEG6000干旱胁迫下,SpNHX1基因的表达受胁迫影响较小,且没有规律性。说明SpNHX1基因的表达与其耐盐性相关,且表达具有组织特性。     

不同沉淀剂对酚抽法提取植物蛋白质效果比较分析

酚抽法已经逐渐成为植物蛋白质组研究中通用的蛋白质提取方法,但在各种改进酚抽法中,应用到的沉淀试剂各不相同,致使蛋白沉淀得率、纯度和沉淀时间也各异,本研究以热带植物橡胶树叶片、胶乳和海马齿叶片为研究材料,在过饱和硫酸铵甲醇溶液、醋酸氨甲醇溶液和丙酮溶液沉淀剂下对比蛋白提取的效果,通过单向电泳检测、胶图质量分析、质谱鉴定、蛋白沉淀时间和得率比较,发现3种沉淀剂提取的蛋白样品1-DE图谱显示的蛋白条带数量均较多,但醋酸铵沉淀法提取蛋白图谱有条纹不清晰现象。得出结论：丙酮沉淀法对橡胶树叶片和胶乳蛋白质的提取率较高,硫酸铵沉淀法对海马齿叶片蛋白质提取率较高。过饱和硫酸铵甲醇溶液和丙酮沉淀剂提取的蛋白质质量较高,所得蛋白图谱背景清晰,质谱鉴定蛋白质信息量大。研究结果可优化提取高质量植物蛋白质的方法,并有望为顽拗类植物蛋白质组学研究提供参考。     

海马齿再生体系的优化及GUS基因的转化

以海马齿无菌实生小苗的叶片为外植体,对不同激素浓度和组合以及不同pH值等培养条件进行实验比较.结果表明:适于愈伤组织诱导的培养基为MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖3%,诱导率达100%;适于芽分化的培养基为MS+NAA 3.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L,分化率达到77.4%;诱导愈伤组织形成培养基的最适pH值为4.5,而诱导愈伤组织分化培养基的最适pH值为5.0.以小苗叶片为外植体材料和农杆菌介导的方法进行GUS基因的转化,组织化学染色检测发现共培养2 d后的外植体中有蓝色斑点产生,在转化2个月后的外植体上形成的愈伤组织也存在点状的蓝色斑点.说明GUS基因已转入海马齿外植体中.     

盐胁迫下海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构观察

通过透射电镜,在超显微结构水平上对淡水和海水栽培的海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumL.)植物叶肉细胞结构进行了比较。结果显示:海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜明显向内折叠,出现大量大小、形状各异的质膜突起,以及质膜片层;而淡水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜向内折叠不明显,质膜突起少见。相对于淡水栽培,海水栽培的海马齿植物叶肉细胞叶绿体变小、数量增多;形状变短,由肾形、梭形或弓形变成椭圆形或一端膨大的不规则形状;叶绿体基粒片层结构清晰完整,垛叠程度增加,叶绿体没有受到明显伤害;叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多,体积变大,淀粉粒表面出现皱褶,形状由长椭圆型变成短椭圆形或不规则形状,电子密度变低;叶绿体上脂质体增多且体积变大。线粒体数量增加,但体积变小;形状由圆球状或棒状变成椭圆体状;线粒体内膜向内折叠所形成的嵴清晰,但海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞线粒体外膜模糊,受到轻微伤害。