Cerebrospinal Fluid Eosinophilia in Dogs

Background: Marked eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalomyelitis (EME) is rarely reported in dogs and the cause is usually undetermined. Long-term prognosis for dogs with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is variable.
Animals: Twenty-three client-owned dogs.
Methods: Retrospective case series. Dogs with eosinophilic CSF, defined as total nucleated cell count (TNCC) >3 cells/μL with >20% eosinophils, were identified by a computerized search of all dogs having cisternal and/or lumbar CSF analyzed as part of the diagnostic workup between 1992 and 2007.
Results: TNCC in CSF ranged from 4 to 4,740 cells/μL (median 84 cells/μL, reference range ≤3 cells/μL), with 22 to 95% (median 78%) eosinophils in the differential count. An infectious agent was identified on necropsy in 4 of 23 (17%) dogs ( Cryptococcus neoformans [n = 2], Neospora caninum [n = 1], and Baylisascaris procyonis [n = 1]). Each of these dogs had progressive neurologic deterioration. Sixteen dogs had idiopathic EME. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were abnormal in 7 of 13 dogs with EME; 2 dogs had focal lesions and 5 dogs had multifocal lesions. Clinical signs in 12 of 16 (75%) dogs with idiopathic EME resolved with prednisone treatment. Three dogs with acute intervertebral disc herniations recovered after decompressive surgery alone.
Conclusions: Idiopathic EME is a common cause of eosinophilic pleocytosis in dogs. MRI findings are variable. Infectious causes of EME were less common and had a poor prognosis.     

氮硅添加对高寒草甸生物量和多样性的影响——以青藏高原为例

草地施肥多集中于添加氮肥与磷肥,很少涉及硅肥。硅作为对植物有益的一种元素,能提高植物对环境的抗性,促进植物的生长。本研究以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象,通过添加不同组合的氮肥和硅肥,研究群落地上生物量和生物多样性的变化。结果表明,氮肥和硅肥的添加均能提高群落的地上生物量,然而硅肥提高群落地上生物量的幅度远低于氮肥;在添加氮肥导致群落物种多样性下降的同时,添加硅肥可以缓解群落多样性下降的趋势;硅肥的生物学功能在群落水平上存在着最佳浓度效应。同时,我们推测硅肥在维持群落中杂草的存活率上发挥着积极的作用,并通过比较不同硅肥处理时,杂草生物量所占群落生物量比重的变化,支持了上述推测。     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区苦豆子内生真菌多样性及生态分布

为探索宁夏干旱荒漠区苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides L.）内生真菌的多样性及区系组成,为苦豆子内生真菌的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。从宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区不同植被和土壤类型的6个样区采集苦豆子样品30份,采用组织匀浆法从植株的根、茎、叶和种子中分离内生真菌,根据培养性状、菌落、孢子等形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;根据内生真菌的相对频率、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和相似性系数分析其区系组成特点。结果表明,从30份样品中共分离得到内生真菌213株,分别属于19个属,其中镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和茎点霉属（Phoma）为优势属。苦豆子内生真菌的分布具有一定的组织特异性,根部的内生真菌数量高于其他部位,茎部内生真菌多样性指数最高。植被类型中,沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）分离的内生真菌物种多样性指数最高,而荒漠草原（样区Ⅲ）最低。荒漠草原（样区Ⅰ）和沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）内生真菌群落有密切的相似性。可见,苦豆子蕴含丰富的内生真菌资源,其内生真菌具有很高的宿主特异性,且分布受生境影响。     

毛发皮质醇激素作为慢性应激评定指标的研究进展

将毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激程度的黄金标准具有前瞻性和创新性。毛发皮质醇激素不仅可用于检测及估计动物慢性应激程度,且有助于了解动物体生理病理过程,并及时制定行之有效的健康管理策略。血液、唾液、尿液及乳汁中皮质醇激素含量作为反映急性应激程度的模型,被用于检测和建立持续的皮质醇激素昼夜循环规律研究。而毛发作为一个很好的补充模型却可以回顾性地反映慢性应激程度。毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激的生化指标不仅具有采样应激小、检测灵敏、方便的优点,而且是可遗传性状(h²=0.31),可以作为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)活性标记,进而利用其解释遗传变异对慢性应激中HPA轴活性变化的影响程度。作者综述了皮质醇激素与动物体健康的关系,慢性应激下机体调节机理及遗传适应改变,慢性应激评定指标研究进展,毛发作为皮质醇激素研究模型的研究进展,以及毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激的生化指标的限制与未来面对的挑战。     

1株犬副流感病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

试验旨在分离鉴定犬副流感病毒(canine parainfluenza virus,CPIV),并对其生物学特性进行研究。用Vero细胞接种感染CPIV阳性犬肺脏组织,盲传4代,收集72 h病毒液进行RT-PCR鉴定、电镜观察、血凝试验、热敏性试验、紫外照射试验及病毒一步生长曲线的测定,同时扩增N基因进行序列分析,并构建系统进化树。结果显示,试验成功从出现咳嗽、流鼻涕等呼吸系统疾病症状的病犬肺脏中分离出1株CPIV,命名为CPIV-BJ01;RT-PCR扩增结果发现,在534 bp处有特异性目的条带。病毒电镜观察发现,其超微结构呈圆形、有囊膜、直径在80～200 nm之间;血凝试验显示,病毒在4和37℃均能凝集1%猪红细胞,与报道的CPIV血凝特性一致;病毒对热敏感,长时间高温下病毒毒价会随之下降;紫外照射可使病毒在短时间内对细胞的感染性急剧下降。病毒一步生长曲线测定结果显示,在12～48 h病毒高速增殖,细胞培养液中病毒滴度急剧上升,之后趋于稳定。CPIV N基因序列与19株有代表性的副流感病毒N基因相比,其核苷酸序列同源性为97.1%～99.8%。遗传进化分析表明,CPIV-BJ01与PIV5 1168-1(登录号:KC237064.1)和PIV5 ZJQ 221(登录号:KX100034.1)位于同一分支上,亲缘关系较近。     

内蒙古乳品国际贸易现状分析

内蒙古是全国重要的乳品生产基地,乳品产业是该地区的特色产业、优势产业,其进出口贸易对内蒙古地区经济发展具有十分重要的作用。采用数据分析与理性思考相结合的方式,对内蒙古乳品产业发展现状及进出口情况进行分析,探讨该地区乳品贸易存在的问题,积极探索对策措施,以提高内蒙古乳品在国际贸易中的竞争力。     

中国乳企境外发展战略及对策研究

境外发展已经成为中国乳企提升竞争力的必然趋势和重要动力。在稳定奶源、优化升级与品牌开拓三阶段战略定位指引下,中国乳企主要通过收购、合资、独资以及战略合作四大模式实施境外发展,目前中国乳企境外发展主要受到融资、竞争力不足与政策风险、经营管理风险、国际型人才匮乏等方面的制约,本文从企业和政府2个视角提出了促进中国乳企境外发展的对策建议。     

滨白鸡纯系及杂交组合的种群关系分析

本文采用中国科学院遗传研究所研制的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个系统１２个血型因子，分析滨白鸡七个纯系和五个杂交组合的种群关系。结果表明，１２个群体可分为五个类。第一类包括５个纯系（ＮＯ２、ＮＯ７、ＮＯ６、ＮＯ３、ＮＯ８）和２个杂交组合（５×２、７×８）．第二类包括５×６组合和ＮＯ５系。第三类是４×２组合。第四类是５×４组合。第五类是ＮＯ４系。不同类品系间遗传差异大，同一类品系间则小。实际配合力测定得到的４×２、５×４２、６×４２优秀杂交组合均有一定的理论基础。     

Interrelationships between herd management practices and udder health status using canonical correspondence analysis

The relationships between the herd-level distribution of udder health measures (traumatic, physical, functional and congestive udder disorders, clinical mastitis and somatic cell counts (SCC) greater than 400 × 10³, ml⁻¹) and farm (general hygiene, milking practices and housing system) and aggregated individual characteristics were studied by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). This is a correspondence-analysis technique in which the axes representing disease patterns are expressed as linear combinations of potentially explanatory variables. These main axes can be drawn so that the distribution of diseases for combinations of the main-explanatory managerial variables can be visualized. The type of quarantine for newcomers, type of animal housing, presence of shelter at pasture, use of udder towel before milking, milk production and loss of body condition after calving, were strongly correlated with udder health status. Mastitis and physical udder disorders were associated with the combination of no introduction of replacement heifers and low loss of body condition after calving. Congestive disorders were more common on farms when no quarantine for newcomers was combined with high loss of body condition after calving. Higher clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence risks were associated with the combination of no udder towel, loose housing with high animal density and high milk production. In most cases, clinical mastitis and high SCC were explained by the same covariates but with contrasting levels of those covariates.     

Random-effects linear model application to herd-level assessment of bovine hepatic trace mineral concentrations

To evaluate the utility of random-effects linear modeling for herd-level evaluation of trace mineral status, we performed a retrospective analysis of the results for trace mineral testing of bovine liver samples submitted to the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 2011 and 2017. Our aim was to examine random-effects models for their potential utility in improving interpretation with minimal sample numbers. The database consisted of 1,658 animals distributed among 121 herds. Minerals were assayed by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy, and included cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese, selenium, and zinc. Intraclass correlation coefficients for each mineral were significantly different (p < 0.001) from zero and ranged from 0.38 for manganese to 0.82 for selenium, indicating that the strength of herd effects, which are presumably related to diet, vary greatly by mineral. Analysis of the distribution and standard errors of best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) values suggested that testing 5–10 animals per herd could place herds within 10 percentile units across the population of herds with 70–95% confidence, the confidence level varying among minerals. Herd means were generally similar to BLUPs, suggesting that means could be reasonably compared to BLUPs with respect to the distributions reported here. However, caution in interpreting means relative to BLUPs should be exercised when animal numbers are small, the standard errors of the means are large, and/or the values are near the extremes of the distribution.