农区林业实践对我国退耕还林工程的启示

相对于我国退耕还林工程,农区林业的优势在于:经营模式多样,农民经营风险低,行为自主性较强,为农村剩余劳动力(特别是妇女)提供更多就业机会,政府干预较少。我国退耕还林工程应该学习农区林业的成功经验,从政策上做出调整,建立促使农民积极参与的激励机制,并减少政府的直接干预,以降低政策成本。     

Projecting the bird community response resulting from the adoption of shelterbelt agroforestry practices in Eastern Nebraska

Evolving agricultural policies have influenced management practices within agroecosystems, impacting available habitats for many species of wildlife. Enhancing wildlife habitat has become an explicit objective of existing agricultural policy. Thus, there is renewed focus on field borders and the use of shelterbelt agroforestry systems to achieve conservation goals in the Midwest. Two Representative Farms – a 283-ha dryland and 510-ha irrigated farm were created in Saunders County, Nebraska. The Habitat Analysis and Modeling System (HAMS) was used to describe the composition and spatial pattern of the existing farms and surrounding landscape, as well as for the landscapes surrounding selected Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes. Simulated land use changes resulting from the implementation of two shelterbelt scenarios, Agricultural and Wildlife, were incorporated on each Representative Farm and surrounding landscape. Landscape variables which influence breeding bird species richness and community composition as determined from BBS routes were measured on simulated farm landscapes. A more heterogeneous landscape results from implementing either scenario. The percent total woods was a significant determinant of bird species richness on the BBS routes and was important in influencing bird communities at the farm- and landscape-level. Other landscape metrics which influenced the bird community composition on BBS routes were woody edge percentages and edge density values. Policies promoting shelterbelts create edge habitats which ultimately favor birds within the Forest-edge/generalist guild while bird species in need of conservation such as grassland-field species would potentially be negatively affected. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

对当前大学生就业的一点思考

本文就当前大学生的就业问题,分析了当前大学生就业难的原因,并结合当前形势进行了思索,提出了解决就业难的一些方案和具体思路。     

The implications of various silvicultural funding arrangements for privately managed public forest land in Canada

When devising policies for financing private silvicultural operations on public forest land, government agencies should consider carefully the benefits and costs of alternative arrangements and how they arc likely to affect tenure holders' behavior. Three general methods of achieving silvicultural objectives arc discussed — the creation of incentives for private voluntary expenditures, reimbursement by governments of expenditures on approved or required silvicultural operations, and required silvicultural operations at the tenure holder's expense.Private firms will only invest voluntarily in silviculture on public lands if they have adequate security of tenure and hold sufficient equity in the timber values resulting from their activities. If firms' silvicultural costs arc reimbursed, their behavior will depend on the extent of reimbursement and whether they have a financial interest in the outcomes of their reimbursed activities. Generally, reimbursement of expenditures must be supported by minimum performance standards and costly monitoring and enforcement procedures. If silvicultural operations are required at the tenure holder's expense, firms will only undertake silviculture to avoid penalties and have a strong incentive to achieve required standards at minimum cost. More stringent monitoring and enforcement procedures may be necessary than if costs arc reimbursed.The impact of policy alternatives is illustrated by means of a survey of silvicultural expenditures on two forest tenure types in British Columbia.     

清洁能源产业发展财税政策研究综述

搜集了大量中文、英文文献,对“我国清洁能源产业发展财税政策”的相关研究进行了一个系统、全面的文献综述。从清洁能源产业的历史地位、现状、促进我国清洁能源产业发展的财税政策研究等角度,整理了现有文献的观点,在总结学术界研究特点基础上,分析了几种代表性的观点。研究发现：目前我国清洁能源产业正处于初始阶段,仍然存在许多困境,我国必须针对于这些不足,制定合理的财税政策来促进清洁能源产业的发展。以期为研究我国清洁能源产业发展财税政策提供参考。     

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.     

乡村振兴战略背景下种植业系统国有单位工作体系发展趋势研究

种植业系统国有单位作为保障粮食安全的国家队,肩负推动乡村振兴战略实施的重要使命。通过对比2017—2020年农业农村系统国有单位人事劳动统计数据,详细阐述了机构编制、从业人员、职工工资等变化情况。从研究结果可以看出,随着乡村振兴战略的实施深化,种植业系统国有单位机构持续精简,人员结构进一步优化,职工工资待遇不断提升,为助力乡村全面振兴提供了基础保障。聚焦种植业系统国有单位工作体系存在的主要问题,有针对性提出了政策建议,为当前摸清“三农”工作队伍家底提供数据支撑,以推动种植业系统国有单位工作体系进一步发展。     

我国农产品加工业发展现状及对策

农产品加工业是我国最大的制造业,是经济发展的战略性支柱产业。通过对我国农产品加工业的发展现状进行概述分析,剖析其与国外一些发达国家相比存在的问题,发现我国农产品加工产业整体呈现稳步向前的发展态势,但各区域发展尚不平衡,农产品加工转化率、农产品加工业与农业总产值比有待提高。鉴于此,从政策引领、标准体系、各地特色与优势和科技创新4方面提出对策与建议,探讨我国农产品加工业如何突破制约和瓶颈,提高农产品加工转化率,提升农产品加工业与农业总产值比,增强自主创新能力,优化产业转型升级,促进我国农产品加工业快速发展。     

Fisheries management in inland and coastal waters in Denmark from 1987 to 1999

Fishing is a major recreational activity in Denmark, involving both inland and coastal waters. Anglers, aged 18–67, and amateur fishermen, aged 12–67, must hold a valid fishing permit. Fees are used for stocking, river restoration and fisheries research. All proposals for stocking inland waters require stocking plans based on the carrying capacity of the aquatic habitat in question. All stocking is undertaken using hatchery-reared fish that are the offspring, either of wild fish caught in nature for subsequent stripping, or of more or less domesticated fish stocks that have lived in captivity for several generations. Stocking is also subject to genetic guidelines. This paper reviews the status of fisheries in Danish inland waters, their regulation, socio-economic aspects, stocking, aquaculture and the main problems and trends.     

改良扑杀策略的意义、制定与实施

本文对世界动物卫生组织（OIE）改良扑杀的定义进行了介绍,并进行了释义;又通过对美国口蹄疫应急策略中的3种改良扑杀政策原则的分析,阐述了该决策的选择和实施中需要考虑的因素;通过解读澳大利亚兽医应急预案（AUSVETPLAN）疾病防控策略中3种不同动物疫情防控中改良扑杀策略,分析了疫情特点对策略的选择和实施的影响;通过介绍越南禽流感等典型的改良扑杀策略的应用实例,说明了改良细节所需保障措施;综上得出改良扑杀策略是疫情控制和根除的优选策略之一的结论,提出了我国制定和实施改良扑杀政策的建议。