生防酵母菌防治果品采后病害机理的研究进展

果品在采后贮藏、运输和销售过程中因病害损失严重.现行防治果品采后病害的主要手段是使用化学杀菌剂,但化学杀菌剂易产生残留和使病原菌产生耐药性,且污染环境甚至危害人体健康,因此,寻找可行又更为安全的方法防治果品采后病害具有重要意义.目前已分离筛选出对果品采后病害具有明显防治效果的生防酵母菌,其中有些酵母菌作为生物杀菌剂已经获得许可和生产并得到广泛应用.近年来,生防酵母菌的生防机理研究进展迅速,笔者从营养或空间竞争、直接病原菌寄生、诱导寄主产生抗性、分泌抗菌素等4个方面对生防机理研究的历史和最新状况进行综述,分析存在的问题并展望了研究前景.     

The enrichment and retention of ascorbic acid in rotifers fed microalgal diets

The enrichment and retention of ascorbic acid (AA) was investigated in rotifers Brachionus plicatilis fed on microalgae ( Nannochloropsis oculata and Isochrysis sp. (T.ISO)) and baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The concentrations of AA of the rotifer diets used in the study differed significantly: 4200 μg g⁻¹ of dry weight in Isochrysis sp. (T.ISO), 2600 μg g⁻¹ in N. oculata and only 77 μg g⁻¹ in S. cerevisiae . Rotifers contained 620 μg AA g⁻¹ prior to the experimental feeding. When subsequently fed for 3 h on microalgae at a ration of 0.13 mg dry microalgae per 10⁶ rotifers rapidly and efficiently increased their content of AA: Isochrysis sp.-fed rotifers contained 1600 μg AA g⁻¹ and N. oculata -fed rotifers contained 1100 μg AA g⁻¹. Concentrations were boosted by a further feeding of a second ration of algae at three times the initial feeding ration; 21 h later, Isochrysis sp.-fed rotifers contained 2500 μg AA g⁻¹ and N. oculata -fed rotifers contained 1700 μg AA g⁻¹. This represented a 180% and 310% increase in the pre-feeding vitamin concentrations in Isochrysis sp. and N. oculata -fed rotifers, respectively. There were no significant changes in AA concentration in rotifers fed a similar ration of yeast throughout the feeding period (520-620 μg AA g⁻¹). Rotifers retained AA during a subsequent 24 h non-feeding period, with no significant changes in the concentrations in any of the rotifer groups. The production of rotifers rich in AA may be particularly valuable for the culture of fish larvae that have a high requirement for the vitamin.     

Growth in juvenile pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) stimulated with yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae,extract

Thanks to the content of valuable bioactive substances, yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is finding wider applications in aquaculture and marine fish husbandry. Highly bio‐available and bio‐assimilable yeast extracts, which are obtained through processes that remove cell walls, are of special interest. The current study examined the impact of yeast extracts added to commercial feed at concentrations of 2% (group F2), 4% (group F4) and 6% (group F6) on growth, blood biochemistry parameters, liver and intestinal morphology, proximate body composition and the content of free amino acids in the muscle tissues of European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (initial body weight = 10 g). At the termination of the experiment that ran for 60 days, the highest increases in body weight were noted in all the groups of fish that had received yeast extract (final body weight ≈ 35 g vs. control group ≈ 31 g). The daily and specific growth rates indexes were the highest in group F6. The alanine aminotransferase activity in this group was half of that in the control group (group C) (p < .05). The lowest levels of plasma bilirubin were noted in groups F4 and F6, while these groups had the highest hepatosomatic indexes that differed significantly to those of group C (p < .05). Microscopic analysis of the intestines indicated significant growth in the enterocyte height and supranuclear zone, or the so‐called absorption space, as the quantity of yeast extract added to the diets increased. Yeast supplementation was not noted to have a significant impact on the proximate body composition or the contents of free amino acids in the fish muscle tissues. In conclusion, the lowest analysed dose of yeast (i.e. 2% yeast extract) stimulates the growth of pikeperch.     

自溶面包酵母在马氏珠母贝育苗中的饵料效果

在实验车间内利用120L的塑料箱作为实验容器,采用自溶面包酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)作为单细胞藻的辅助饵料,研究其在马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)育苗中的饵料效果,以期解决该贝育苗过程饵料供应不稳定、易培饵料品种小球藻(Chlorella sp.)利用率低的问题。研究结果表明:(1)在温度(30.0±0.5)℃、NaCl质量分数3%、pH6.5～7.0的自溶条件下,用经过18h自溶的酵母投喂D形幼虫,其平均日壳长增长率显著高于其他自溶时间酵母投喂组效果,单独投喂非自溶酵母时D形幼虫不能存活;(2)D形幼虫期单投自溶酵母,幼虫成活率与金藻组没有显著差异(P>0.05),生长速度比金藻组提高8%(P<0.05),说明自溶酵母可以完全替代湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Hu﹠Liu),但在壳顶幼虫期和稚贝期单投自溶酵母不能使幼虫和稚贝正常发育和存活;(3)壳顶幼虫期及眼点幼虫至稚贝期投喂"自溶酵母 小球藻(Chlorella sp.)"或"自溶酵母 扁藻[Platymonas subcordiformis(Wille)]",其生长速度及存活率或稚贝育成率均显著高于单投扁藻或小球藻(P<0.05),单投小球藻的饵料效果最差;(4)自溶酵母与小球藻混投对眼点幼虫至稚贝培育效果较单独投喂影响显著,可显著(P<0.05)提高稚贝的育成率、生长速度和耐干露能力。研究表明,使用自溶酵母可以优化马氏珠母贝健康苗种规模繁育中的饵料供应工艺及提高易培饵料品种小球藻的利用价值,从而提高该贝育苗效果。     

饲料酵母取代秘鲁鱼粉养殖罗非鱼试验

用Ｙ－１１饲料酵母替代１／２和２／３秘鲁鱼粉，网箱养殖尼罗罗非鱼，试验组比对照组饵料系数下降１２．６％和９．１％，公斤鱼饵料成本减少１７．９％和１６．６％；鱼净产量增国１３．４％和１０．％；饵料经济效益提高２１．７％和２０．１％。     

酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长和生长轴基因表达、营养品质及抗病力的影响

为探讨酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长、肌肉营养品质和抗病力的影响,以初始体质量为(1.75±0.01)g的团头鲂为研究对象,采用二因素三水平实验设计在基础饲料(Se含量为0.08 mg/kg)中分别添加酵母硒(按硒计)3个水平(分别为0、0.25和0.50mg/kg),茶多酚3个水平(分别为0、50和100 mg/kg),进行排列组合后得到9组饲料.连续投喂60 d后,检测团头鲂生长、肌肉营养成分、血液和肝脏生化指标以及生长相关基因的表达水平,并统计团头鲂感染嗜水气单胞菌后的成活率,以综合评价酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂的作用效果.结果表明:饲料中添加酵母硒和茶多酚均显著提高了团头鲂幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率以及肌肉中粗蛋白含量,降低了饵料系数(P＜0.05),酵母硒和茶多酚交互作用也显著提高增重率和特定生长率,显著降低饵料系数(P＜0.05),表现出协同增效作用.酵母硒和茶多酚均可以通过诱导下丘脑—垂体—生长轴相关基因表达来提高生长性能,不同的是,酵母硒主要上调脑垂体MaGH和肝脏MaIGF-I基因的mRNA表达,茶多酚主要上调脑垂体MaGHR2基因而显著下调肝脏MaIGF-Ⅰ基因的mRNA表达(P＜0.05),结果表明,饲料中添加酵母硒显著提高团头鲂血清中GH和IGF-Ⅰ的含量(P＜0.05),而茶多酚显著降低血清中IGF-Ⅰ的含量(P＜0.05).攻毒实验表明,酵母硒和茶多酚均能提高攻毒后鱼的成活率,且两者交互作用明显.综合生长性能和抗病力分析,团头鲂幼鱼饲料中酵母硒和茶多酚配伍的适宜添加量为0.50 mg/kg酵母硒和50 mg/kg茶多酚.     

对虾饵料用酵母菌的选育研究

将Ｙ２、Ｙ３、Ｙ４、Ｙ５、Ｙ６、Ｙ７株饵料酵母菌，接种到培养基上培养，测定Ｂ族维生素、维生素Ｄ以及蛋氨酸，赖氨酸的含量，并进行紫外线和ＥＭＳ复合诱变处理，结果发现：Ｙ３、Ｙ４、Ｙ７是３株优良酵母菌，其始发株和诱变株不仅富含Ｂ族维生素和维生素Ｄ，而且蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量丰富，是理想的对虾饵料用酵母菌。     

Evaluation of flash dried yeast as a nutritional supplement in plant‐based practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Growth and digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate the use of flash dried yeast (FDY) as a supplement in practical shrimp feeds. The six‐week growth trial evaluated the effects of FDY supplementation (0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 g kg^–1) in the plant‐based practical diet on the performances and proximate compositions of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Final biomass, final mean weight, per cent weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FCR) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) of Pacific white shrimp were not significantly influenced when FDY was added up to 40 g kg^–1 of the diet. However, 60 g kg^–1 FDY supplementation significantly reduced growth, feed utilization and protein retention. Supplementation of FDY in the practical diets of Pacific white shrimp did not affect protein, moisture, lipid, crude fibre, and ash content of whole shrimp body. Apparent digestibility coefficients of energy, protein, and amino acid (AA) for FDY were determined using chromic oxide as an inert marker and the 70:30 replacement technique. The energy and protein digestibility of FDY were 38.20% and 53.47%, respectively, which were significantly lower than fishmeal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM) that were run at the same time. Most amino acid digestibility of FDY was lowest among the three ingredients tested. Results of this work indicated that energy, protein and amino acid digestibility of FDY are lower compared to SBM and FM, and high levels supplementation (≥60 g kg^–1) of FDY can cause negative effects to the growth response of Pacific white shrimp. Based on these results, further research regarding the effects of the low level inclusion of FDY in practical diets on immune responses of Pacific white shrimp is warranted.     

Evaluation of various diets for the optimum growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus Bate

Four types of food were tested to determine their effects on the growth and survival of larvae of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus japonicus Bate. The food types were live cells of Candida utilis (yeast), freeze-dried Candida utilis, microparticulate diet, and microencapsulated diet (commercial product). The diatom Chaetoceros gracilis was fed to larvae as a control. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first was run in outdoor 1.5 ton tanks, and the second in indoor 1.2 ton tanks. In the outdoor experiment, the best survival and growth from nauplius to postlarva stage were obtained using microparticulate diet. During the first week of culture, freeze-dried Candida utilis resulted in the highest growth and survival among examined diets, but both factors dropped dramatically after the mysis stage. In the indoor experiment, the best growth and survival were obtained using live cells of Candida utilis from nauplius stage to end of mysis stage followed by brine shrimp. Tested diets were analysed for their contents of crude protein, total lipids, total carbohydrates, amino acid profiles and fatty acid contents.     

日粮添加酵母硒和茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼肝抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达的影响

酵母硒和茶多酚都是优质的天然抗氧化剂。酵母硒作为有机硒源,兼有抗氧化和免疫增强的双重功效。茶多酚是茶叶中多酚类物质的总称,具有清除体内自由基、抗菌消炎和免疫调节等多种功效。为探讨酵母硒和茶多酚及其配伍对团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)组织硒沉积量,肝中抗氧化酶活性及其基因m RNA表达的影响,本试验采用二因素三水平设计,在团头鲂幼鱼基础饲料中分别添加酵母硒(按硒计)3个水平(分别为0,0.25 mg/kg,0.50 mg/kg),茶多酚3个水平(分别为0,50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg),进行排列组合后得到9组日粮。选用体重为(1.75±0.01)g团头鲂1 350尾,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明:1)日粮中添加酵母硒和茶多酚均能显著提高团头鲂幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率(P0.05),当日粮中硒缺乏时,两者互作效应显著(P0.05);而当硒适量或过量时,两者交互作用不显著(P0.05)。2)日粮中单独添加酵母硒能显著提高团头鲂肌肉和肝中硒含量(P0.01),而茶多酚对组织硒含量无显著影响(P0.05),两者对硒在肝中沉积的交互作用显著(P0.05)。3)酵母硒和茶多酚均能够通过诱导抗氧化酶基因表达来提高机体抗氧化酶性能,不同的是酵母硒主要上调Ma GPx1和Ma Cu/Zn-SOD基因m RNA表达,茶多酚主要上调Ma CAT基因。4)酵母硒和茶多酚具有协同抗氧化作用,两者配伍上调了Ma GPx1基因m RNA表达量(P0.05),对Ma Cu/Zn-SOD和Ma CAT基因表达有促进作用,结果两者配伍显著提高了肝总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)而显著降低肝丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05)。综合分析,建议当基础日粮中添加0.50 mg/kg酵母硒和50 mg/kg茶多酚时,即在提高生长指标的同时较好的提高各抗氧化物酶的活性,降低肝中MDA的含量。