超声对种子萌发和产量的影响

综述用超声处理农作物种子,以提高种子萌发和产量方面的研究现状,并提出用超声处理种子过程中存在的问题以及需要努力的方向。     

Effects of granivorous rodents on direct seeding of oak and beech in relation to site preparation and sowing date

Planting bare-rooted seedlings is a rather expensive method to regenerate oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). Direct seeding could reduce artificial regeneration costs substantially, but the method currently suffers from a number of problems, one of which is seed consumption by rodents. In the present study clear-cut areas in southern Sweden were prepared using one of four different mechanical site preparation methods – disc trenching, patch scarification, topsoil removal or mounding – then manually sown with acorns and beech nuts. Acorns were sown in May and July 2006, and both acorns and beech nuts were sown in May 2007. Three years following sowing, best seedling establishment from viable acorns, 60–70%, was achieved after sowing in mounds in May, and the subsequent survival reached 90–100%. After the first growing season for beech, both seedling establishment and subsequent survival was lower than for oak, which coincides with a higher number of lost beech nuts at the excavation to investigate the fate of seeds. Granivorous rodents (Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, Mus musculus, and Myodes glareolus) were live-trapped more frequently in the vicinity of slash piles compared to other micro-site features, such as uprooted stumps, snags and stones. In 2006, no connection was found between number of rodents captured and proportion of lost seeds, while in 2007 the two were in good accordance. No clear relationship was found between number of captured rodents, vegetation cover class and mechanical site preparation method. More rodents were captured in 2007 than in 2006, and there was an increase in captures from spring until late summer/autumn for both years, which was mirrored in the seedling establishment result from the three different times of sowing. Based on experiences from the present study the recommendation for successful direct seeding of oak on clear-cuts is a combination of mounding site preparation, removal of slash and sowing in May rather than July. However, the results indicate that successful direct seeding of beech is more difficult to achieve.     

FeSO4引发提高秦艽种子萌发的生理机制

为探讨FeSO4引发提高秦艽种子萌发抗性的生理机制,同时设置水引发处理,以未作任何处理的种子为对照(CK),研究了0.6%FeSO4引发处理24 h对种子膜透性、储藏性物质、能量、激素及抗性相关酶等方面的影响。结果表明:FeSO4引发降低了种子膜透性,提高种子活力,在吸水12 h和24 h时,电导率分别较CK降低了6.61%和11.67%;调动了种子内部储藏物质的代谢,蔗糖含量减少9.57%,可溶性蛋白增加49.63%,饱和脂肪酸中的豆蔻酸和木焦油酸甲酯含量分别增加4.93%和9.03%,不饱和脂肪酸中的山嵛酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸分别减少6.73%、8.18%、8.40%和6.70%;改变了种子激素平衡,其中脱落酸的含量下降64.78%,赤霉素含量增加近22倍;加速了种子能量代谢, ATP含量增加2.16倍,细胞色素C氧化酶活性增加67.91%。此外,FeSO4引发使线粒体非酶促系统中谷胱甘肽含量和抗坏血酸的含量分别增加74.08%和10.89%,使细胞内酶促系统超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性分别增加285%、179%以及19.6%。因此,FeSO4引发对种子萌发是一个综合过程,一方面可促进种子物质代谢和提高能荷水平,一方面可改善种子内部生理状态和提高胁迫响应能力,从而提高种子活力,促进种子快速和整齐萌发。     

几种野生葡萄与栽培品种杂交效果初步研究

本研究以超藤×刺葡萄、巨峰×燕山葡萄、巨峰×沙地葡萄、水晶×华东葡萄、白香蕉×华东葡萄及玫瑰蜜×华东葡萄6个杂交组合为试材、各母本自然授粉果实及种子为对照,对其进行研究.结果表明,6个杂交组合坐果率,分别为44.44%、46.00%、41.67%、22.22%、12.00%、10.00%.与对照相比,6个杂交组合的果实重量和大小下降,可溶性固形物含量有所上升;果皮颜色、形状、果肉质地及果肉颜色变化不大;种子千粒重差异较大,水晶×华东葡萄和白香蕉×华东葡萄后代种子千粒重增大,其他杂交组合种子千粒重降低,种子大小变化规律与千粒重变化规律相同.     

元谋县冬繁制种的有利环境条件及制种发展概况

介绍了元谋县的地理、气候、土壤、交通和水利条件,阐述了元谋县制种业的发展现状。     

吉林省菜豆地方品种资源研究及利用现状

吉林省气候寒冷,菜豆资源丰富。其中的油豆、花皮类型品种资源栽培区域性强,其荚宽、肉厚,呈宽刀形,荚宽可达2.5cm。荚色以绿色、花色为主,绿色荚品种占76%,花皮品种占22%。种皮色以花色为主,占资源总数的62%,种子粒大,千粒重最高达700g。且品种名称生动、形象,具有地方特色。     

NaCl胁迫对玉米自交系种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

[目的]为耐盐玉米自交系的选育和盐渍化土壤的开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内培养和盆栽试验,以5个骨干玉米自交系为材料,设置高盐（NaCl）和自来水2种处理,研究不同玉米自交系在盐胁迫下的种子萌发和幼苗植株形态变化。[结果]盐胁迫对玉米自交系种子萌发和幼苗植株形态有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米自交系的耐盐性存在明显的基因型差异。5个自交系种子萌发的耐盐性由高到低依次为＂H92＂、＂A801＂、＂330＂、＂综31＂和＂黄C＂。总体而言,不同自交系的同一形态性状和同一自交系的不同形态性状的耐盐胁迫指数存在差异。[结论]综合分析盐胁迫下5大骨干自交系的形态特性,以＂H92＂的耐盐性最强,可作为耐盐基因型加以选择,＂A801＂和＂综31＂的耐盐性较强,而＂330＂和＂黄C＂对高盐最为敏感。此外,对玉米品种进行耐盐胁迫的遗传改良是可行的。     

北京地区玉米就地加代技术的初步研究

1984—1986年在北京进行早熟、中早熟玉米一年两季加代试验.试验结果表明.第一季加代采用早春(3月上旬—下旬)温室育苗,3月末至4月上旬移栽到塑料薄膜复盖的阳畦、小棚或大棚;以及3月下旬直播于铺设电热线的阳畦,大棚等增温保温措施,早熟、中早熟玉米自交系和育种材料。可于5月下旬进入抽雄、吐丝、散粉期,7月上旬末以前收获授粉后25—30天果穗,种子发芽率可达到80%以上,第二季加代采用上季25—30天嫩粒,经2%H_2O_2浸种24小时,于7月上旬播种(气温偏高年份还可适当延迟播种),在大田条件下,8月下旬可进入抽雄、吐丝、散粉期,授粉工作可进行到9月上旬末,10月底以前收获的种子,发芽率一般达80%左右,高的达90%以上.H_2O_2处理玉米种子可明显加速种子发芽,促进幼苗生长.采用了短日照处理(8—10小时日照)生育后期叶面喷磷钾肥和乙烯利等促进早熟措施,对本试验成功实现一年两季加代,均取得了一定效果。     

驼背鲈室内池塘育苗技术研究

[目的]改进驼背鲈的育苗方法。[方法]选择3龄以上的驼背鲈亲鱼进行海水网箱养殖,用绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）和释放激素（LRH—A3）混合悬浊液进行催产。通过向育苗池中定时定量加入高级虾片和EM茵的方法进行驼背鲈的育苗。[结果]驼背鲈仔鱼在水泥池水温22～26℃、盐度28％-32％、pH7．9～8．7的条件下,经30d培育,平均鱼体全长达3．3cm,仔鱼变态发育成幼鱼。[结论]驼背鲈可在室内池塘通过亲鱼人工催产获得受精卵,EM菌＋高级虾片方法是经济有效的驼背鲈育苗方法。     

调节剂浸种对马铃薯不同芽位母薯生理代谢及根系形态的调控效应

[目的]通过比较不同芽位马铃薯母薯生理代谢及根系形态的变化,分析了植物生长调节剂对马铃薯生长的调控效应。[方法]采用盆栽试验,浸种使用不同植物生长调节剂,研究母薯生理代谢及根系理化性状变化,探讨植物生长调节剂对马铃薯生育进程的影响。[结果]DTA-6可以提高顶部芽位母薯播后21 d内还原糖含量,对播后42～56 d根系长度、根系体积及根系干重均有提高的调控效应;DTA-6可以提高基部芽位母薯播后7～28 d内可溶性糖含量,但减少播后42～49 d根系干物质积累。SODM对顶部芽位母薯的调控效应与DTA-6基本相同,但是它对可溶性糖含量提高的效果好于DTA-6。就基部芽位母薯而言,SODM可以提高播后7～28 d内可溶性糖含量,降低播后42～49 d内根系干物质的积累,但调控效应较弱。[结论]植物生长调节剂能够通过调控马铃薯母薯生理代谢及根系形态的变化进而影响马铃薯生长发育进程。