淤地坝泥沙淤积高度对宽顶堰水力特性的影响

为解决淤地坝长期运行,泥沙不断沉积超出设计库容,漫延至溢洪道内并在宽顶堰前堆积从而影响泄流的问题,该研究通过物理模型试验的方法,对不同淤积高度下溢洪道内宽顶堰的水流流态、水面线、流速分布、流量系数等特性进行对比分析。结果表明,随着淤积高度的增加,堰流在保持宽顶堰原有的过流形态同时壅水程度逐渐降低;淤积高度的不同会影响堰前及堰上区域的水面高程和断面流速,堰前水位随着淤积高度的增加略微下降,过流断面逐渐减小,水流流速增大;随着淤积高度的增加,流量系数逐渐增大,即宽顶堰的泄流能力有所增强。因此引入参数相对淤积高度（淤积高度S与堰高P之比）,根据试验数据拟合得到了淤积工况下宽顶堰流量系数经验公式,计算流量与实测流量的平均相对误差为2.7%,满足精度要求,可为淤地坝除险加固工程的相关工作提供参考。     

基于减沙效益和经济效益的流域退耕还林方案优化

实施退耕还林,是控制中国水土流失、改善生态环境的有效途径。如何制定最具成本-效益的退耕还林方案,以平衡生态、经济和粮食安全之间的矛盾,是保证退耕还林工程可持续发展的关键。该研究以淮河上游的息县流域为研究区,在土地利用现状的基础上,一方面通过建立分布式水文模型SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）依次模拟各子流域的退耕还林操作得到泥沙削减系数,另一方面通过GDP（gross domestic product）与现状土地利用的空间叠置分析得到各子流域进行退耕还林的GDP损失系数,据此分别构成退耕还林的减沙效益目标和经济效益目标,采用多目标遗传算法NSGA-II优化求解子流域尺度的退耕还林方案。研究结果表明：1）建立的SWAT模型对研究区径流和泥沙的模拟精度较高,Nash系数分别在0.90和0.70以上,确定性系数均大于0.80,且百分比偏差均控制在-20%～20%以内,可认为SWAT模型能够用于评估退耕还林的泥沙削减效果;2）子流域泥沙削减系数范围为26.70～2675.85 t/km²,并表现出从上游到下游逐渐减小的趋势,说明在流域上游的河源区实施单位面积的退耕还林能够取得更好的泥沙控制效果;3）子流域GDP损失系数在空间上呈现出较大的差异性,既有子流域出现了GDP的增加也有子流域出现了GDP的减小,对比发现在行政市或县主要居民点所在的子流域进行退耕还林需要付出更大的经济代价;4）多目标优化求解得到的退耕还林方案集将人均耕地面积维持在1.04×10^-3～1.54×10^-3 km²,明显高于粮食安全的警戒水平,同时该方案集能够在仅损失30.13%～37.67%经济产值的同时将泥沙产量削减53.54%～69.86% ,并达到区域可持续发展的土壤侵蚀水平。该研究提出的基于生态减沙效益和经济效益的子流域尺度退耕还林优化方法可为流域水土保持、退耕还林工程的科学规划提供借鉴和指导。     

叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及内部流场分析

为研究叶片厚度对轴流泵性能影响及其内部流场变化规律,该文采用圆弧法和流线法进行比转速550、转速2900r/min的QY90-4.4-1.5型潜水轴流泵水力模型设计,完成产品开发及样机型式试验。通过加厚叶轮叶片进行对比试验,阐明泵流量—扬程、流量—轴功率和流量—效率曲线产生差别的原因。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行叶片厚度对流场影响的数值计算,得到最优工况叶片表面相对速度分布和不同工况叶片表面静压分布。经过分析,阐明薄叶片总体性能优于厚叶片,但抗汽蚀性能可能劣于厚叶片。厚叶片翼型脱流、叶片进出口出现回流及二次流情况更为严重,水力损失较大,是泵效率等性能参数偏低的主要原因。     

Subclinical ketosis in post-partum dairy cows fed a predominantly pasture-based diet: defining cut-points for diagnosis using concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood and determining prevalence

AIMS: Firstly, to define, in dairy cows in the first 5 weeks post-calving fed a predominantly pasture-based diet, cut-points of concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood, above which there were associations with purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), reduced pregnancy rates (PR) and decreased milk production, in order to better define subclinical ketosis (SCK) in such cattle; and secondly, to determine the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for SCK.

METHODS: An observational field study was conducted in 565 cows from 15 spring-calving and predominantly pasture-fed dairy herds in two regions of New Zealand during the 2010– 2011 dairy season. Within each herd, a cohort of randomly selected cows (approximately 40 per herd) was blood sampled to determine concentrations of BHBA on six occasions at weekly intervals starting within 5 days of calving. The key outcome variables were the presence/absence of PVD at 5 weeks post-calving, PR after 6 weeks (6-week PR) and after the completion of the breeding season (final PR), and mean daily milk solids production.

RESULTS: Two cut-points for defining SCK were identified: firstly concentration of BHBA in blood ≥1.2?mmol/L within 5 days post-calving, which was associated with an increased diagnosis of PVD (24 vs. 8%); and secondly concentration of BHBA in blood ≥1.2?mmol/L at any stage within 5 weeks post-calving, which was associated with decreased 6-week PR (78 vs. 85%). The mean herd-level incidence of SCK within 5 weeks post-calving was 68 (min 12; max 100)% and large variations existed between herds in peak prevalence of SCK and the interval post-calving at which such peaks occurred. Cows >8 years of age and cows losing body condition were at increased risk of SCK within 5 weeks of calving.

CONCLUSIONS: Cows with concentration of BHBA in blood ≥1.2?mmol/L in early lactation had a higher risk of PVD and lower 6-week PR. Cow and herd-level prevalence of SCK varied widely in early lactation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subclinical ketosis is common and is significantly associated with reproductive performance in mainly pasture-fed New Zealand dairy cattle. Controlling SCK may therefore result in improvements in herd reproductive performance. However considerable variation exists among herds in the incidence of SCK and in the timing of peak prevalence which means that herd-specific monitoring programmes are required to define herd SCK status accurately.     

Reduction in elemental waste loading from commercial carp feeds by manipulating the dietary phosphorus levels

ABSTRACT:   The effect of dietary phosphorus (P) manipulation on environmental loading of P and nitrogen (N) from carp was investigated. Two commercial diets (A and B) were re-prepared as four experimental diets A, B, AP, and BP, the latter two being topped up to the required available P level for carp. The total P ranged between 1.52 and 1.99% and water-extractable (or available) P was 0.50, 0.36, 0.62, and 0.63% for A, B, AP, and BP, respectively. A 20% fishmeal diet was chosen as the control and it contained 1.41% total P and 0.67% water-extractable P. Duplicate groups of carp (size, 8.6 g) were fed the test diets for 12 weeks. The best growth performance was that of fish fed the control diet, followed by the test diets supplemented with P. The highest rates of P absorption and retention of P and N were obtained for the control group followed by the AP, A, BP, and B experimental groups. In the case of waste discharge, the reduction in P loading was marginal, but N loading was markedly lower for P supplemented test diets. The control diet was the least-loading diet. Thus commercial carp feed formulations could be improved by incorporating sufficient available P in order to reduce discharges of P and N into the water.     

使用DASP系统测试生理电信号的研究

通过对绵羊、母牛前胃平滑肌电活动信号的大量实验、研究、分析。证明ＤＡＳＰ系统满足测试生理电信号的要求，完全适合在生理测试中应用。     

Investigating source areas of eroded sediments transported in concentrated overland flow using rare earth element tracers

Rare earth element oxides (REOs) have excellent potential for use as tracers in erosion studies. Using laboratory and field experiments we aimed to develop and test a simple application method for spreading REOs and to use REOs to determine the source of sediment to concentrated overland flow paths.     

Variation in performance reveals discharge-related energy costs for foraging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr

Abstract –  The energetic costs associated with foraging and social interaction for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) parr was estimated by measuring gross differences in performance (growth and lipid content) during two experimental trials conducted in an artificial river channel, under similar food input at two discharges. The discharges provided velocities within the range commonly experienced by salmon in the wild. Fish growth (second trial) and lipid content (first trial) were the highest at the lower discharge. Fish were less active and used a smaller area of the experimental arena under high flow. These behavioural adjustments are consistent with the reduction of energy costs at high discharge. However, there was no effect of discharge on aggressive behaviour or food intake. Therefore, despite evidence of energy economy in response to high discharge and velocity, the energetic costs of foraging were sufficiently high to cause substantial reduction in performance. In common with the findings of previous studies, dominance status was associated with individual variation in performance and habitat use.     

Capacitive Coupler Used for Detecting Partial Discharge in GIS

The coaxial configuration of gas-insulated substations is of great advantages transmitting the electromagnetic wave excitated by partial discharge and of great advantages of partial discharge detection. Based the characteristics of configuration of GIS and PD signals inside, the authors design a disc coupler and a loop coupler for continuous monitoring of partial discharge in GIS, and analyze the sensor's characteristics theoretically. The frequency response (FR) characteristics of the disc coupler and the loop coupler are analyzed by the simulation and measurement realistically of square wave response. In addition, the measured results of partial discharge by the sensors designed in GIS are given, and it is shown that the sensors designed are available for the measurement of partial discharge in GIS.     

混合堰的设计与应用技术研究

小型过水建筑物的堰型，因各种原因需要，可分段设计成两种或两种以上的混合堰型。提出了两种混合堰计算流量的方法，并通过水工模型试验及原型观测进行了验证，可供同类型工程参考。