A model to estimate timing of aquatic weed control in drainage canals

In many parts of the Netherlands a dense network of watercourses is necessary to drain the land. A related aspect is thechanging transport capacity of the water courses due to thegrowth of aquatic plants in the growing season. In turn thisphenomenon requires aquatic weeds to be controlled by waterboards in order to maintain the water course's required capacity.The procedure outlined in this paper can be used to determinethe frequency of weed control based on hydrological andhydraulic conditions. The drainage from groundwater gives anexpected variation in discharge over the growing season. Thepermissible flow rate is governed by both the growth of weedsand the permissible water levels in the water course. Weedcontrol is necessary during the growing season when theexpected discharge is more than the permissible flow rate. Thisprocedure has been incorporated in the model MWW(Maintenance of Water courses by Water boards). An examplehow to use MWW is given.     

农村供水管网管段设计流量计算的加权人畜用水当量法

首先对农村供水管网管段流量设计计算的传统方法进行了分析，指出其适用条件和局限性。在此基础上，提出了加权人畜用水当量法。该方法结合农村供水的实际情况，既考虑了人畜分布的不均，又考虑了用水量的差别，并且计算公式简单，设计易与实际相一致，是一种计算农村供水管网管段设计流量的有效方法。     

Linking hydro-meteorological factors to the assessment of nutrient loadings to streams from large-plotted paddy rice fields

Excessive nutrient loadings from rice paddy fields has been a great concern in Korea as rice paddy area spans over 1,153,000 ha, which covers approximately 60% of the total agricultural land area in Korea. The principal tasks of this study included undertaking work to better identifying the scope of the nutrient loadings from paddy fields to assess their adverse effects. Hydro-meteorological factors, rainfall and surface discharge, were considered as the major driving forces of nutrients into the water. A Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model was applied and its capability evaluated to predict the nutrient loading into the neighboring water. The 15 ha paddy fields surrounded by drainage and irrigation channels were chosen as a study area. Field data, such as rainfall, quantities of irrigation and discharge water, and nutrient contents (total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P)) from two different water sources, were obtained throughout the study period. Simulation results showed that surface discharge had a positive correlation with rainfall (R = 0.84). In addition, the resulting predictions for nutrient concentrations corresponding to surface discharge were varied (R = 0.72 and 0.40 in total nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively). This study found that both natural and artificial variations of nutrient contents in irrigation streams were significantly influenced the model results of nutrient predictions. Therefore, the nutrient loadings into the neighboring water can be accurately described with a more comprehensive and sufficient representation of both environmental inputs and hydrological processes.     

泵站蜗壳式出水流道三维紊流数值模拟

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型闭合雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了某大型混流泵装置中蜗壳式出水流道的内部流动,在分析关键断面流态的基础上,对该出水流道的水力特性进行了预测。模拟结果表明,蜗壳式出水流道的内部流态非常复杂,在一些区域有局部涡流和脱流现象,流速分布均匀性较差。蜗壳出口和流道出口断面的轴向流速分布均匀度曲线均为开口向下的曲线,而出口水流偏流角曲线则是开口向上的曲线,对应于水泵装置最高效率点,两者分别达到最大值和最小值。水头损失随流量变化而变化,在水泵装置最高效率点达到极小值。水泵装置在偏离设计工况大流量侧运行时,出水流道的水头损失迅速增加,装置效率急剧下降。     

温头口电站整体水工模型试验研究

阐述了温头口电站整体水工模型试验的主要内容和试验方法。通过水工模型试验，计算了溢洪道的泄流能力，校核了挡墙和泄槽边墙的设计高度，分析了坝体产生气蚀的可能性。提出了优化溢洪道进口的布置方案，并根据下游消能冲刷情况，建议对下游岸坡采取适当保护措施。研究成果对工程设计和其他模型试验均具有一定的借鉴意义。     

刘老涧抽水站的技术特点

论述了刘老洞抽水站所采用的模型、流道、泵型、辅机等的技术特点，供今后大型抽水站建设时参考。     

Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Mycobacterium genavense infection was diagnosed in an adult ferret with ptosis of the left eye, a proliferative lesion of the conjunctiva of the nictitating membrane, conjunctival swelling, and tumefaction of the periorbital tissues with a watery ocular discharge and the presence of a retrobulbar mass. The diagnosis was based on characteristic cytology of the retrobulbar mass and left mandibular lymph node that revealed granulomatous inflammation. Ziehl-Neelsen staining showed the presence of positive acid-fast bacilli in the cytoplasm of the macrophages. The diagnosis was confirmed by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene amplified by using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction from a fresh lymph node biopsy. Therapy with marbofloxacin, rifampicin, and clarithromycin was recommended for 6 months and after this period, the veterinarian who was treating the ferret reported the disappearance of clinical signs. Six months after the end of the antibiotic treatment, the symptoms described previously reoccurred. Confirmatory laboratory tests were not performed but a recurrence of M genavense infection was suspected and the veterinarian, in agreement with the owner, euthanized the ferret.     

雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究

在典型红壤丘陵区平均坡度为10?的坡耕地径流小区 (2 m?5 m) 上进行降雨强度为1.69 mm min-1（大雨强）、1.31 mm min-1（中雨强）和0.64 mm min-1（小雨强）的模拟降雨试验,并对模拟降雨过程中泥沙的迁移规律和泥沙有机碳的流失富集规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：侵蚀作用下泥沙流失量随着降雨强度的增大而增加,并与径流量呈显著的立方关系,径流量是坡耕地土壤流失的重要影响因素;土壤有机碳流失以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙态有机碳流失量占总有机碳流失量的84%以上,最高达到97.6%;泥沙中有机碳富集比随着降雨强度的增大而逐渐减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显;中雨强和小雨强下有机碳的富集比与黏粒的富集比分别呈极显著和显著正相关,而大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比与黏粒富集比没有显著的线性关系。雨强是影响泥沙流失和泥沙有机碳迁移的重要因素。     

Effect of land developmental process on soil solution chemistry in acid sulfate soils distributed in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Abstract

Water-soluble ionic substances in acid sulfate soils are likely to be strong controls for crop production and to have impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In dry seasons, in particular, oxidation of the soil surface followed by acidification probably produces lots of acids and soluble metals. To estimate acid and metal loads from acid sulfate soils to aquatic environments, we determined the composition of water-soluble ions from soils distributed in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. At the end of the dry season, soils were taken from each soil horizon in two soil profiles on the delta under different land developmental processes. Water-soluble ions were extracted using both distilled water and artificially synthesized irrigation water (pH 6.3) adjusted to the same ionic strength and pH as the field canal water. The relationship between extracted basic cations in both extracts showed high linear correlation, indicating a similar extraction mechanism between both extractants. Higher ionic strength in the artificial irrigation water may not have any advantages for extraction by ion exchange and, thus, properties of extracts are likely to depend on the soil properties. The older the soil parent material, the larger the rates of soluble Al and Fe and the lower the pH. Progressive weathering of the soil on the older delta has already discharged greater amounts of bases, probably for compensation of acids, and the soil has started to release exchangeable Al sorbed onto negative-charge colloids and Fe from decomposed oxides. The soil profile of the older delta released relatively greater concentrations of Al with a lower content of base cations, where the annual averaged rice yield was half that of another site. Soluble metals and acids at both sites appear to accumulate in the upper horizons above the low permeable layer, which is probably widely distributed in the Mekong Delta.     

电晕场与介电分选提高水稻种子活力

为研究电晕场和介电分选对水稻种子活力的影响,该文利用弧形芒刺电极与下极板形成的电晕场对水稻种子在不同高压下进行处理,处理时间为4 min,结果显示,处理后水稻种子的活力有显著提高,并在17500 V （DC）时取得较优值;利用介电分选机在不同的分选电压下对水稻种子进行介电分选,选滚筒转速为25 r/min,结果发现,分选机对水稻种子有较好的分选效果,并且当分选电压为4000 V（DC）时,分选获得的 I 级水稻种子的活力最高。在上述最优条件下,先利用电晕场对水稻种子进行电晕场处理,再利用介电分选机对电晕场处理后的水稻种子进行介电分选,结果表明：水稻种子的各活力指标均高于只进行分选时的活力指标,其中Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级种子的活力指标有明显的提高,且Ⅱ级种子的活力指标较对照有显著提高（P＜0.01或0.05）,这也说明电晕场处理对低活力种子效果较好。同时,通过记录水稻种子每天的发芽数发现,电晕场处理和介电分选都能使水稻种子约提前1天发芽。这对后期研制电晕场与介电分选组合处理机提供了数据支持。