英国Culm河河漫滩沉积物中磷素时空变化研究

河漫滩上沉积物的沉积伴随着与沉积物相结合的营养和污染物质的沉积。已有研究表明,河漫滩是与沉积物相结合的磷的沉积地。采用137Cs技术,并结合河漫滩沉积物中全磷(TP)含量的剖面信息,可以调查近年河漫滩沉积物中的TP含量,计算TP储量。本文根据英国Devon郡Culm河8个河漫滩采样环沉积物中的数据,重建了在过去40～50年内TP储量和含量的变化。结果表明,在Culm河河漫滩沉积物中,在1963～2000年间TP平均含量为0.60～1.96gkg-1,该值自河流上游向下游和自过去到现在有逐渐增加的趋势;在相同的河漫滩沉积物中,在相同的时期内TP储量为18.62～435.48gm-2,即0.49～11.46gm-2a-1,最大值出现在河流的中游。     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路,预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平,为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状,采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法,分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势,目前已达企稳状态;黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右,在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右,未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态,提升水土保持措施质量与标准,补齐“后水土保持”短板,构建完善的水沙关系调控体系,维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡,是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

两种工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与产沙关系对比研究

为探究不同土壤类型工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与水动力学参数及侵蚀产沙间的关系,选取沟宽、沟深、宽深比等作为细沟形态参数,在放水流量8、12、16、20 L·min–1和坡度32°条件下,对红土和塿土工程堆积体进行冲刷试验.结果表明:(1)两种堆积体坡面细沟沟宽、沟深在前24 min均发育迅速;随放水流量增大,沟宽和沟深均呈...     

河岸带生态系统管理模型研究进展

（西南大学资源与环境学院,重庆数字农业重点实验室,重庆 400716）     

新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌带合理设计及布设参数的数值分析

为了摸清新疆含砾石复杂土壤条件下土壤水分运动规律,优化葡萄滴灌系统设计中的各项设计参数及合理布设,该文通过田间交汇试验确定合适的滴头间距为30 cm,并借助Hydrus-2D数值模型确定了土壤水力参数,同时运用该数值模型模拟了不同滴头流量和滴灌带水平间距布设形式下地表滴灌土壤水分分布特征。根据土壤湿润体特征结合葡萄根系分布规律,确定新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌系统合理的滴头流量为2.5～3.0 L/h,滴灌带水平间距为60 cm。该结果可为新疆砾石地复杂土壤葡萄滴灌系统的科学设计和田间合理布设提供参考。     

长江口潮滩植物根际沉积物磷的累积及其生物有效性

通过对长江口潮滩植物生物量及根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态和含量的研究,结果表明各个采样点的海三棱草从春季开始生长并一直延续到初夏,到7月其生物量基本上都达到一个峰值。海三棱草根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态包括弱吸附态磷(Ad-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷[(Ap+Ca)-P]、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机磷(OP),它们都具有较好的季节性变化,在一定程度上都受到氧化还原状态的控制。文中还研究了根际沉积物孔隙水中的磷酸盐含量,发现其有效性受到了氧化还原状态及沉积物中铁的影响。     

悬帷段作用下暗管排水流量计算公式探讨

暗管排水在降低地下水位过程中普遍存在悬帷段,悬帷段的存在对于暗管排水理论计算提出了挑战.该研究考虑悬帷段对排水流量的影响,提出了悬帷段作用下的暗管排水流量计算公式,基于HYDRUS模型得到不同暗管间距、暗管埋深、不透水层深度以及土壤质地条件下的排水流量模拟值及理论计算公式中的作用水头参数,对比分析了不同土壤质地以及悬挂...     

泾河中游现代洪水痕迹调查对实测洪水的校核

通过对泾河流域实地调查,在泾河中游景村水文站上下游发现了3处非常明显的4次洪水痕迹.结合实地走访,资料查阅等,准确确定了4次洪痕的对应年代,并通过弯道超高水位的计算,以及水位一流量关系和比降法模型模拟,推算出了这4次洪痕对应的流量,与实测洪水资料相比较,流量基本接近,误差分别在1.42%～4021%和~2.13%～3.16%之间.研究表明,为了提高水文测量的精度,可以借助河岸遗留的洪水痕迹校核实测洪峰流量,同时也可为历史洪水调查和缺乏水文观测站数据的流域以洪痕推算特大洪峰流量提供科学的依据.     

Physical properties of tsunami-affected soils in Aceh, Indonesia: 2½ years after the tsunami

On 26 December 2004, a tsunami caused extensive loss of life, damaged property and degraded agricultural land in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. While some of the associated soil chemical changes have been documented, information on soil physical properties is sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify physical properties of some tsunami-affected upland agricultural soils in Aceh, Indonesia. Soil was sampled approximately 21/2 years after the tsunami, from the 0–0.1 m, 0.1–0.3 m and 0.3–0.5 m depths in four sites in the villages of Kling Cot Aroun in Aceh Besar sub-district, Kuta Kruen in Aceh Utara sub-district, Udjong Blang Mesjid in Bireuen sub-district and Meue in Pidie Jaya sub-district on the east coast of Aceh. These sites were located within 1 km from the sea at elevations ranging from 0 to 5 m ASL. The soils were Ultisols except for Meue, which was an Entisol. Soil properties measured were bulk density, structural stability and particle size distribution. Soil water retention, pore-size distribution and saturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated by inserting the values of bulk density, clay, sand and silt contents into pedotransfer functions from the literature. The analyses conducted during this study did not permit us to ascertain what proportion of the soil particles were of tsunami-origin. Nonetheless, deposition of finer-textured material may have occurred in two of the sites. In comparison with the greyish-white, coarse textured soil in the rest of the profile, a finer-textured yellow horizon was present in the lower slopes of the Udjong Blang Mesjid site. At Meue, clay and silt contents were higher in the surface 0.3 m than in the 0.3–0.5 m depth, although a distinct horizon was absent. Particle size distribution in all sites was dominated by the sand fraction, although clay and silt contents were relatively high (20–30 g 100 g^− 1) at Kuta Kruen. Among the sand fractions, fine sand (0.02–0.25 mm) was highest at Kling Cot Aroun, Kuta Kruen and in the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid, making them more prone to hardsetting and compaction after intensive tillage. Soil compaction was present in all sites with that in the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid being highest. The relatively low porosity in this layer may be beneficial, as it is likely to reduce the high rates of water drainage and nutrient leaching in this sandy soil. The more compacted soils were characterised by higher numbers of micropores (r, pore radius < 4.3 μm), lower water retention at saturation, smaller numbers of macropores (r > 14.3 μm), lower hydraulic conductivity and intensive gleying, indicating frequent waterlogging. The soils in all depths from Kling Cot Aroun and the “yellow horizon” at Udjong Blang Mesjid were very dispersive, that at Meue moderately dispersive in the 0.3–0.5 m depth but stable in the 0–0.1 m depth, and at Kuta Kruen very stable in all depths. Soil physical degradation was a feature of the soils examined, and its amelioration will be the key to improving and sustaining crop yields in these soils. Possible management interventions include organic amendments such as compost or manure, and minimum tillage options such permanent beds or zero tillage with retention of crop residues as in situ mulch together with suitable cover crops.     

生物质能与节能减排及低碳经济

生物质(Biomass,原意生物量)一词出自生态学,现已成为生物质能和生物基材料的惟一可再生性原料的专用词.生物质可部分替代化石能源,减少化石能源使用产生的温室气体及污染物.我国农业和农村在节能减排中应有所作为.农业是惟一生产生物质的产业,在我国的节能减排及向低碳经济战略转型中,生物质能可发挥重大作用,也能成为生态农业的新内涵.