接触辉光放电等离子体降解水体中的邻氯苯酚

接触辉光放电电解是一种新型的产生等离子体的电化学方法。本文测定了催化剂、pH 值对接触辉光放电等离子体降解水体中邻氯苯酚降解效率的影响;并利用高效液相色谱检测了中间产物和邻氯苯酚降解浓度随时间的变化。实验表明:碱性条件下降解有利,Fe2+催化作用下降解效率明显提高。     

国产农用喷雾器喷头性能参数测定与分析

本文介绍了国产喷雾器喷头的几个主要性能参数与国外著名喷头公司产品的对比结果、并提出了改进我国喷头产品的若干建议。如:1.影响侧向进液式喷头喷量变异的因素。2.缝隙式扇雾喷头药液沉积横向分布中的牛角、对喷杆式喷雾器药液沉积分布均匀性有着极坏的影响。     

孔板流量计瞬时孔流系数的数值预测

为了研究孔板流量计在测量流量快速变化时的特性,以孔板流量计瞬时孔流系数C为研究对象,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,基于Realizable分离涡模拟（DES）描述瞬时湍流流动,模拟研究了流量直线加速过程瞬时C和内流场随时间的演变结果.为了对比分析,将加速过程离散为不同流量下的稳态点,采用Realizable k-ε模拟各个稳态点的孔流系数和流场结构.稳态孔流系数C0的模拟结果与ISO试验回归曲线相比,误差在3%以内.将加速过程和稳态假设下模拟的孔流系数结果进行对比,结果表明：加速过程瞬时C从0逐渐增加至稳定值,而稳态C0基本保持在0.6附近.进一步将孔流系数与内流场和压力场分布的演化结合起来分析,得出以下结论：加速流动的漩涡滞后于稳定状态,加速前期压能没有在短距离内全部转换为动能,是导致C与C0产生偏差的内流原因.研究内容可为瞬时流量的测量提供参考基础.     

降雨泥石流预报的研究

要准确预报泥石流的发生、到达时间和规模,需要了解流域的基本情况以及泥石流形成的原因和条件。本文以云南省东川蒋家沟为例,以流域降雨产流量为基础,对泥石流暴发,到达时间及暴发规模的预报作了系统的研究。以10min降雨雨强为基本依据,计算10min降雨的产流及形成径流的单宽流量,从而预报泥石流的发生,由此可以计算泥石流的运动速度、预报泥石流的到达时间。以10min激发降雨的产流及形成径流总量,结合泥石流中泥沙体积浓度和流域堵塞系数,计算出泥石流总量,从而预报泥石流的发生规模。     

花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙观测试验研究

本文总结分析了三年来对花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙的观测试验资料, 得出以下结论: 1.荒坡地的泥沙流失量大于作物地; 2.作物地覆盖度低于30%以下则比荒坡地的泥沙流失量要大; 3.大于25°的坡耕地, 头两年产量虽然较好, 但第3年以后产量大幅度下降, 并造成大量的泥沙流失, 故种多年生植物为佳。 同时通过试验研究表明: 在花岗岩地区, 泥沙流失量多数来源于坡耕地。 因此搞好坡耕地的综合治理, 是防治水土流失提高单位面积产量的关键措施。     

Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment

Soil surface roughness may significantly impact runoff and erosion under rainfall. A common perception is that runoff and erosion are decreased as a function of roughness because of surface ponding and increased hydraulic roughness that reduces effective flow shear stress. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of initial surface roughness on runoff and erosion under controlled laboratory conditions. Initially, rough and smooth surfaces were exposed to five simulated rainfall applications at 5% and 20% slopes. In all cases, runoff was delayed for the case of the initially rough surface; however, this effect was temporary. Overall, no statistical differences in either total runoff or erosion were measured on the 20% slope. At 5% slope, runoff was less on the rough surface for the first rainfall application but greater on the final three, probably due to the formation of a depositional seal in that case. This resulted in an overall insignificant difference in runoff for the sum of the five rainfall applications. Erosion was greater on the rougher slope at 5% steepness, probably due to concentration of flow as it moved around the roughness elements on the rougher slope. These results indicate that commonly held perceptions of the impact of soil surface roughness on runoff and erosion may not be entirely correct in all cases.     

毛管逆滤渗污水净化反应器原理研究及室内试验验证

污水回用是解决城市缺水问题的一条有效途径。该文提出了一种新方法，尝试利用多孔介质毛细管作用过滤生活污水。制造了4个毛管逆滤渗污水净化器，采用普通河砂作为过滤介质进行了室内试验。试验采用两个因素：水势差、滤池内外径比。水势差选取4个水平：0.11、0.26、0.41、0.56 m，外层与内层水池直径比选取3个水平：14/6、12/6、10/6，以研究利用毛细管作用净化污水的可行性，并定量确定水势差及内外层水池的相对大小对该系统运行效果的影响。用反应器去除污水COD的多少来评价过滤效果。结果表明，过滤速度及净化效果与水势差之间呈极显著的对数相关关系，两者都随着水势差的增大而提高。当水势差为0.56 m时，COD的去除率可高达80%左右，过滤速度可以高达0.15 m/h。外层与内层水池的直径比(D/d)越大滤速越小,但该比值对COD的去除率无明显影响。该装置在运行过程中，污水被过滤介质所覆盖，有效地避免了污水的刺激性气味和蚊蝇孳生对周边环境的影响。     

彰武农田土壤风蚀物垂直分布规律的研究

利用自制沙尘采集器,通过对3种自然风速天气下所收集风蚀物的分析,研究了农田土壤风蚀物近地表1.5 m的垂直分布规律。结果表明:土壤输沙量随着高度的增加呈下降的趋势,且输沙量随高度变化的规律可以用幂函数近似描绘;风沙流中沙粒的粒径在垂直分布中,随高度的增加,气流中粒径大的颗粒含量逐渐减少,粒径小的颗粒含量逐渐增加,相关分析表明粒径>0.1 mm的颗粒含量与高度在0.05水平呈显著负相关,粒径≤0.1 mm的颗粒含量与高度在0.05水平呈显著正相关;风速在4.8~12.2 m/s范围内,与农田土壤输沙量之间呈指数函数的变化规律;不同耕作方式对输沙量有较大影响,其中,输沙量最大的是花生茬深翻,其次是秋翻地、春浅旋灭茬、秋浅旋灭茬,最小的是旋耕覆盖。     

聚丙烯酰胺增加土壤降雨入渗减少侵蚀的模拟试验研究Ⅱ.侵蚀

土壤侵蚀和雨水的流失是干旱、半干旱地区制约农业发展乃至生态环境良性循环的两个主要因素。聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM ,Polyacrylamide)对土壤的性质有着明显的改进作用 ,PAM具有良好的黏结力 ,能有效改良土壤的表层结构 ,提高土壤的稳定性 ,增加土壤的入渗率 ,减少土壤侵蚀。本文试图通过人工降雨模拟实验 ,获得不同的PAM的使用量及覆盖率与土壤侵蚀量在不同的雨强、不同的坡度条件下的关系。实验表明 ,经PAM处理后土壤的入渗性能和抗侵蚀的性能都有所提高 ,PAM能明显地黏结着土壤表面的颗粒 ,形成大的团聚体 ,阻碍土壤结皮的形成 ,减少土壤侵蚀。     

Modelling of snowmelt erosion and sediment yield in a small low-mountain catchment in Germany

Temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of surface runoff generation triggers the dynamics of source areas of sediment and sediment-associated nutrient transport. Reliable modelling of hydrological special situations i.e. snowmelt is of high importance for the quality of erosion and sediment yield modelling. Data from the research catchment Schäfertal demonstrate the individuality of snowmelt events in terms of runoff coefficient and delivery ratio. This 1.44 km² low mountain catchment is characterised by a high portion of arable land with a winter grain/winter rape crop rotation. The integrated winter erosion and nutrient load model (IWAN) considers these dynamic aspects by coupling a hydrological model with a sediment load model. Cell size of this raster-based approach is 10 × 10 m². Additionally, snowmelt rill erosion is simulated with a newly developed physically based model that is firstly applied on a catchment scale. A sensitivity analysis of this model system component demonstrates the plausibility of the model approach and the overall robustness of the model system IWAN. The results of the long-term hydrological modelling from 1991 to 2003 are reliable and form the basis for the simulation of six snowmelt events which were observed in the Schäfertal catchment. The estimated total runoff volumes for these events match the observations well. The modelled overland runoff coefficients vary from 0.001 to 0.72. The mean values of cell erosion, which were modelled with one set of parameters for all six events range from 0.0006 to 0.96 t ha^− 1. The total modelled erosion for the events with unfrozen soil and low amount of surface runoff is of a factor 50 below those with partly frozen soil. In addition to these distinctions, the major differences are caused by flow accumulation in shallow depressions in variable parts of the catchment. However, the validation of these results on the single event scale is restricted due to limited spatial data. Total simulated sediment yield at the catchment outlet was as high as 13.84 t which underestimates the observed values, with the exception of one event. Oversimplification of the modelled channel processes may be a reason. The temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the surface roughness parameter, which was identified to be sensitive, also causes uncertainty in the parameter estimation. Despite these findings, the model system IWAN was applied successfully on the catchment scale and the simulated results are reliable.