地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移数学模型的应用

利用建立的地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移数学模型描述地下滴灌条件下土壤水、肥运动的分布规律,将土壤质地结构、滴头出流量、滴头埋深和单次灌水历时等因素对土壤水分布的影响进行模拟分析。结果表明,在确定的土壤质地条件下,滴头出流量和埋深是影响地下滴灌系统性能的两个最重要的灌水设计参数,应尽量采用增加滴头数量而不是选用大流量滴头的方法来满足作物的需水要求。此外,合理的灌溉施肥时机应依据当地的土壤质地条件予以确定     

水质及流量对盐碱土滴灌湿润锋运移影响的室内试验研究

采用15°扇柱体有机玻璃土槽，研究了不同水质和滴头流量对盐碱土湿润锋运动的影响。试验所采用水的钠吸附比(SAR)分别为2和20，水的含盐浓度(C)分别为80、20 mmol/L和蒸馏水，滴头流量分别为2、3.4和8 L/h。试验结果表明：不同时间的二维湿润锋边界形状近似半椭圆形；在相同水质情况下，水平湿润距离和垂直湿润距离均随滴头流量的增加而增加；相同灌水量的情况下，滴头流量的增加有利于水分水平方向的发展，不利于垂直方向的发展；用蒸馏水灌溉时，水平湿润距离明显高于其他含盐水灌溉的情况，垂直湿润距离明显小于其他含盐水灌溉的情况；不同浓度含盐水滴灌时对湿润锋的影响不明显；湿润锋的宽深比随着灌溉时间的持续而减小。     

Influence of alpine plants growing on steep slopes on sediment trapping and transport by runoff

Understanding the interactions between soil and the organisms that are conducive to decreasing sediment runoff is a great concern on high-elevation ski trails. Intense rainfalls on steep slopes combined with soil formed on gypsum result in recurrent erosion. This study was conducted in the northern French Alps to determine the abilities of species: (1) to make mounds and (2) to trap sediment and thereby to control erosion at the slope scale. We also investigated relevant above-ground plant characteristics related to those abilities. Sediment runoff or deposition was investigated at small and large spatial scales. We assessed whether hoof prints in soil reflect sediment runoff at the slope scale by trapping sediment. Populations of plants growing on two slope angles (25° and 35°) and three vegetation cover densities (15%, 35%, 60%) were surveyed. An experiment was also conducted to measure the sediment deposit upslope of target species and over three months during the autumn. Small mounds were found upslope of the plant and sediment deposit measurements showed that they resulted from a sedimentation process. Nevertheless the species differed in their capacity to make mounds. Sesleria caerulea and Festuca alpina had the highest amount of sediment deposition over the experimental period. Among the plant characteristics, plant length was positively correlated with mound area, while the roundness index of the canopy was negatively correlated with mound height. Mound formation was also positively related to the number of tillers or shoots. Sediment accumulation in cow hoof prints was linked to runoff that occurred at the slope scale. Low deposition in hoof prints means low sediment runoff or a large deposition on mounds, due to the increase in vegetation cover. All the findings stressed that understanding the processes in action at larger scales requires studying processes at smaller scales.     

泥石流与主河交汇的试验研究

泥石流入汇主河属于复杂的非牛顿流体与牛顿流体汇流问题,由于其机理的复杂性,一直缺少这方面的研究。本文在试验的基础上,分析了泥石流入汇主河后,汇口附近各水力参数的变化规律。探讨了泥石流入汇后下游水位相对壅高与流量比以及交汇角的关系,得出相对壅水高度随流量比及交汇角的增大而增大的结论。分析了交汇口附近淤积量及淤积率与流量及流量比的关系。30°,60°和120°交汇角情况下,淤积量总体趋势是随支流流量及流量比的增大而增大,淤积率随总流量增大而减小,在主支流量相当时出现最大值;90°交汇时,淤积量随支流流量及流量比的增大而减小,淤积率随总流量增大而增大,在主支流量相当时出现最小值。     

黄土高原全新世以来土壤侵蚀强度的定量分析初探

黄土高原全新世以来可划分出5个侵蚀阶段,其起始年龄分别为11,7.0,0.7,0.3,0.15kaBP。根据高原现代河流沉积物的粒度组成、河流输沙量、径流量和年降水量等数据建立了各个指标的回归方程。根据各方程和全新世不同时期阶地沉积物的实测数据,计算了各个阶段的平均古侵蚀强度和流域输沙量。结果表明,不同时期水土流失的主要控制因素是不同的:在11000～7000aBP时期以构造活动因素为主,在7000～2000aBP期间以气候因素为主,在2000～700aBP和300aBP以来以人为活动因素为主,而在700～300aBP是构造活动、气候变迁和人类活动的共同作用因素。自然因素的突变作用一般大于人类活动的作用,而现代人类活动的加剧程度大约是自然侵蚀强度的45.5%。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

潋水流域产水产沙自然过程的计算机模拟Ⅰ.数学模型体系与参数输入

使用流域尺度土壤和水资源管理模拟模型SWRRB（包括198个数学方程）,对面积为579.3km2的江西潋水河流域的产水量、产沙量等自然过程进行了计算机模拟,获得了较好的模拟结果.模拟成功的关键是：（1）将流域划分为多个亚区;（2）精心而周到地准备输入参数;（3）按各输入参数对各输出参数影响大小的顺序进行充分的实验和参数调整以达最佳结果.文中对亚区划分和地形要素、气温、降雨、土壤特性和径流曲线系数的赋值给予了较多的注意.     

Salt marsh rhizosphere affects microbial biotransformation of the widespread halogenated contaminant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)

Estuarine sediments are the repository for a wide range of contaminants. Anthropogenic impacts and variations in the belowground biomass of salt marsh plants potentially select for different sediment microbial communities with different functional capabilities, including the ability to biotransform anthropogenic contaminants. There are large differences in both root morphology and the amount of fine root biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis; Spartina is the species commonly used to replace Phragmites in northeastern US salt marsh restoration projects. Our study compared the effect of these two macrophyte species on sediment microbial communities responsible for the biotransformation of the halogenated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Sediments were obtained from contaminated and uncontaminated salt marsh field sites in New Jersey. Anaerobic methanogenic sediment microcosms were established and incubated for up to 130 days. TBBPA was reductively dehalogenated resulting in the transient formation of two intermediates, identified as tribromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A, and the formation and accumulation of bisphenol A (BPA) as the end product. Spartina sediments from both sites were found to dehalogenate TBBPA more rapidly than the Phragmites or unvegetated sediments, resulting in greater production of BPA. Microbial community diversity as measured by in situ sediment phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition prior to TBBPA exposure, was found to be higher in the uncontaminated sediments; differences in microbial PLFA diversity were not seen in contaminated sediments associated with either the different plant species or unvegetated sediment. The results of this study demonstrate that these two plant species affected sediment microbial community function with respect to dehalogenation capabilities, even though the disturbed and undisturbed sediments varied in microbial community composition.     

Experimental Analysis on Optimal Tail Water Discharge Method of River Water Source Heat Pump

In order to study the influence on water temperature raise of river water source heat pump tail water discharged in different methods, the real sensor network is established by using digital temperature sensors. The simulation experiments of different discharging methods of river water source heat pump are carried out, including submerged-type discharge, surface-type discharge and jet-type discharge with 12 effluent ways. By using weighted average method, the preferred values of such factors as the average temperature raise,the temperature raise variance, the biggest temperature raise value, and the number of temperature measure points above the temperature raise average value are calculated. Moreover, the experiment results are analyzed by the three-dimensional figures of water temperature raise, which shows that jet-type discharge is better than submerged-type discharge and surface-type discharge,and the double-port way is better than single-port way. In addition, the double-port way along with the current in surface-type discharge method is the one that exerts least influence on river water temperature raise.     

An analysis of formation conditions for DBD transported charges of multineedle-to-cylinder

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can produce homogenous discharge in normal temperature and atomsphere with low energy consumption, so it has broad development prospects in industrial applications. An experimental study is carried out to optimize the needles arrangement and supply parameters aiming at the multineedle-to-cylinder reactor with orthogonal design in combination with Lissajous figures. As it is konwn, the process of discharge is also the process of charge transfer; hence, the more charges are transported, the higher reaction efficiency in plasma is. The orthogonal design is established with transported charges as the goal factor, and supply voltage, supply frequency, needles length(NL), interneedle rotation angles(INRA) as factors. Variance analysis results show that the largest influence factor is supply voltage, followed by supply frequency; the electrode configuration of NL=(3.5+2) mm and INRA=45° matched with f=21 kHz makes transported charges per cycle biggest. The orthogonal experiment results are verified by further experiments, which is significant to improve the DBD plasma reaction efficiency.