浅谈无缝线路施工工艺

采用无缝线路技术在地铁中施工,能够使轨道的几何形态更加平顺,大大的增加了列车的行车速度,也减少了轨道对列车的磨损和轨道自身的磨损,为正式营运后的维修和保养节约大量的资金,由于此优势,乘客的乘车舒适感大大增加,也解决了有缝线路轨道间错台大,导致噪音大及列车出轨事故的技术难题,因此,无缝线路轨道以其低噪声、低维修率、高平顺性成为城市轨道交通中轨道结构的首选。     

Coarse bed material patch evolution in low-order,ephemeral channels

In river channel beds composed of a wide range of grain sizes, the bed material is often arranged in discrete patches discernable by relative texture. These bed material patches are the primary source of entrainable coarse sediment within the channel system and their composition and size have been found to influence the composition and rate of sediment transport. Twelve coarse (gravel–cobble) sediment patches distributed throughout the channel network within a 4.53 ha watershed in southeastern Arizona were monitored for 2 years. Changes in patch area and grain size were measured and painted patch grains were monitored to confirm that patch grains were mobilized during flow. Individual coarse bed material patches exhibited variable persistence during flows with return frequencies ranging from approximately 1 year to 4.6 years. While no patch fully dispersed during the study period, two new patches formed. Most coarse patches remained relatively stable in area and grain-size distribution despite the entrainment of patch grains as lost grains were sufficiently replaced with sediment from upstream. Because of the grain replacement process and the effect of other sediment supply dynamics, the changes in patch area and grain-size distribution display a complex relationship with the magnitude of predicted grain mobilization within each patch. Results indicate that relative stability varies from patch to patch, influenced by the balance of patch grains transported out of the patch and the deposition of new grains into the patch. Predictive models of coarse sediment transport and yield that assume the channel bed is a fixed source of sediment supply may not adequately capture the sediment dynamics within patchy channel beds and should be used with caution when applied to these environments due to the possibility of patch instability as documented in this study.     

大清河流域典型村镇生活污水排放规律和污染负荷研究

城乡结合部地带的村镇生活产污已经成为滇池流域水环境污染的重要来源之一,研究村镇生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律,将有助于正确认识、科学把握农村面源污染特征,有利于流域污染控制策略的制定和治理工程的开展。选择入滇池的大清河小流域中的典型村镇,采用定点动态采样的方法,研究了城郊型村镇生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律,并估算了研究区典型村镇生活污水污染负荷。研究结果表明,研究区内村镇生活污水TN、TP、CODCr浓度高,BOD5/CODCr比值低。生活污水中污染物在早上8：00和晚上18：00以后浓度较高,排放通量以及污水排放量在上午10：00和晚上20：00有两个峰值;工作日污水中CODCr浓度显著高于周末,但其他指标在工作日和周末之间没有显著性差异。污染负荷估算结果表明,研究区内的城郊村镇雨季污染物排放总量高于旱季,尤其是可溶性无机盐的排放主要集中于雨季,雨季人均污染排放量也明显高于旱季。由此指出,研究区域的城郊村镇内,生活污水单位面积污染负荷高,早上和晚上是一天内生活污水污染控制的重要时段,雨季是一年内污染控制的重要时期。     

金沙江流域水沙变化及其驱动机制

为了探究金沙江流域控制水文站屏山站水沙序列的趋势及突变特性,量化不同驱动因素对水沙变化的贡献。基于金沙江流域1954—2016年径流和输沙数据,从长时期及场次事件两个角度揭示了水沙关系的动态变化特征。结果表明：(1) 63年间,径流量年均变化速率为-1.16×10⁸m³/a;输沙量年均变化速率为-2.0×10⁶t/a; 1998年长江流域发生特大洪水,水沙序列在该年发生突变;(2)水沙关系的特征参数a值在1998年前后由上升改为下降趋势,退耕等坡面水保措施在1998年后发挥了重要作用;b值始终下降,河道影响因素始终发挥减沙作用;在场次降雨尺度上,流域径流-悬移质泥沙环路(C-Q环路)以顺时针形环路为主,表明坡面泥沙物源充足,是影响流域产沙的重要因素;(3)流域内降水、温度及NDVI与径流和输沙之间有明显的相关性,人类活动与降水因素对径流量的贡献比为-1∶2,而输沙量主要受人类活动影响,对应的贡献比为-6∶1。综上,金沙江流域63年间的径流输沙受多种因素综合影响,径流量的变化主要由于降水的变化,输沙量受人类活动影响更大。     

用有理设计方法优选地表滴灌滴头流量合理性分析

针对地表滴灌单个滴头下土壤水分入渗过程中地表湿润半径r和垂直入渗深度h的随时间变化问题,采用室内土柱试验方法和有理设计方法,运用试验数据对r和h与入渗时间T的幂函数方程进行参数估算,并检验参数间相互约束条件。以粉砂壤土为试验材料,试验研究不同土壤容重(1.3、1.4、1.5 g/cm~3)和滴头流量(1、2、4、8 L/h)条件下,单个滴头灌水时r及h随时间变化的规律。结果表明:1)随着土壤容重的增大,土壤饱和容积含水量降低,r几乎没有变化,垂直入渗深度h减小;2)采用有理设计方法对入渗参数A、B及幂指数C、D进行估算并检验,参数间满足相互约束条件,误差较小,表明可以根据参数A、B、C、D估算值,及r和h与入渗时间T的幂函数方程,计算r和h随时间的推进过程;3)给定灌水量2 L时,滴头流量为1 L/h,垂直入渗深度较大,用有理设计方法计算表明一次灌水持续时间较长,不能满足田间轮灌的要求,且易产生深层渗漏;滴头流量为8 L/h时,地表湿润半径过大,滴头附近地表产生积水。粉砂壤土采用滴灌时,4种滴头流量里,滴头流量为2～4 L/h时最为适宜。用有理设计方法计算r和h为滴灌系统优化设计提供了理论参考。     

河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀特征的影响

为研究河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响,通过春小麦田间试验,设置免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒4种保护性耕作处理,以传统耕作为对照,分析了河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施对田间输沙量、风蚀深度、风蚀物粒径组成、风速的影响。结果表明：0~30 cm高度输沙量能敏感地反映不同耕作措施之间输沙量的差异。与传统耕作相比,免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒处理0~30 cm高度输沙量分别减少17.4%~46.7%、21.7%~45.2%、24.7%~48.2%和10.7%~42.4%。风蚀深度传统耕作为1.22~1.44 mm,4种保护性耕作处理均为0 mm。与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理风蚀物粒径组成无显著变化,但<0.063 mm细粒占比有减小趋势。立茬处理20 cm高度风速显著降低24.1%~39.5%,其他保护性耕作措施风速降低不显著。综上所述,河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施能不同程度地抑制土壤风蚀,立茬处理是相对较优的保护性耕作措施,适宜该地区推广应用。     

极端暴雨情景模拟下黄河中游区现状下垫面来沙量分析

黄河防洪,难在沙多。未来黄河的来沙情势事关治黄方略确定、流域水沙资源配置、重大水利工程布局与运用,是近年治黄的热点问题。2000年以来,黄土高原生态环境大幅改善,黄河来沙锐减,在此背景下,需要客观认识极端暴雨情景下的黄河最大可能来沙量,为黄河防洪减淤提供决策依据。该文以沙量贡献率约91%的黄河中游河口镇至潼关区间为研究对象,以下垫面产输沙环境大体稳定、且暴雨偏多的2010-2018年作为现状下垫面,设计了"假定1933年暴雨重现"和"假定2010-2018年各支流的最大暴雨年在同一年发生"等两种极端暴雨情景,分别采用各支流最大暴雨年实测沙量相加和基于现状年各支流降雨-产沙关系的水文学方法,分析了研究区现状下垫面在极端暴雨情景下的可能来沙量。1933年是黄土高原近百年实际发生过的最大暴雨年;通过暴雨移植而成的"合成年"暴雨量级仅次于1933年,但输沙量和产沙量相当于实测值;两个暴雨情景的大暴雨落区不同。研究结果表明:在现状下垫面背景下,如果2010-2018年各支流的最大暴雨年出现在同一年,研究区的年输沙量将达6.2亿t,相应的区域产沙量为9.9亿t;基于现状下垫面的降雨-产沙关系,如果1933年大暴雨在研究区重现,研究区的年输沙量将达9.4亿t,相应的区域产沙量为12.4亿t。该文采用的两种极端暴雨情景,只能算得上是近一百年内的最大降雨,且未考虑坝库水毁排沙和极端暴雨出现在连续干旱年之后等不利情况,否则来沙量将更大。由此可见,即便是黄土高原林草植被已经大幅改善,且大量梯田和淤地坝建成投运,黄河防洪和骨干工程调度运用仍要做好应对大沙的准备。     

泄洪闸胸墙压坡段的数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε紊流数值模型对具有不同坡度的胸墙压坡段的泄洪闸出口水流进行了三维数值模拟.通过数值模拟计算得到了具有4种不同坡度的泄洪闸胸墙压坡段的流线、流速和压力,并对比分析了胸墙压坡段坡度变化对泄洪闸泄流能力、水流脱壁情况、负压分布区域的影响情况.研究结果表明:随着胸墙压坡段坡度的增大,虽然闸口的泄流能力减弱,但是出口水流的脱空长度和脱空高度变小,也即增大胸墙压坡段的坡度使得出口水流的脱壁现象减弱直至消失;胸墙压坡段内的负压最值及负压的分布区域均随着坡度的增大而变小.在泄洪闸胸墙底缘压坡段的设计过程中要避免平坡式链接,可通过合理的方式比选出适用于自身工程的压坡坡度,有利于提高消力池的消能效率,避免压坡段的空化空蚀,从而增强了工程的安全性.研究方法和结果对类似工程的优化设计及安全运行具有一定的指导意义.     

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.