Biochemical and histological effects of gibberellic acid on Locusta migratoria migratoria fifth instar larvae

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃), a plant growth regulator, on Locusta migratoria migratoria fifth instar larvae. Newly emerged larvae were exposed to various concentrations of GA₃ administered by topical application or by forced ingestion. Results showed that treated insects exhibited toxic symptoms with a dose-dependent mortality. GA₃ toxicity was also demonstrated by perturbation of the moult processes. In fact, we noted that treated insects present exuviations difficulties due to the impossibility to reject the old integuments causing mortality in the 5th instar larvae. Histological study of proventriculus revealed alterations in the epithelial cells and absence of apolysis phenomenon. Data also showed that GA₃ induced significant quantitative variation of haemolymph metabolites. These changes result in a significant decrease in the total concentration of proteins and carbohydrates and an increase in the total concentration of haemolymph lipids.     

论当代中华民族传统体育文化的共时形态

中华民族传统体育文化在经过千百年新旧文明残存与复兴、退化与新生共存的动态传承和演变,形 成了多形态、多层次和多元价值并存的动态文化有机体。其过程体现出个性鲜明,常变常新的原生文化形 态;经过适应和整合形成以原生文化为主体,以现代文明的新生文化为辅的次生文化形态;并在不断变革 和创新中孕育而生的,无论从外部特征还是内在规律都体现超稳因素的变异文化形态。当代这三种表现方 式不同的文化形态具有既能够符合区域和民族的价值选择,同时也能够适应现代社会文化交流和发展趋势 的共时形态特征。     

Improved GC‐MS/MS Method for Determination of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Forage Plants—Laboratory and Field Experiments

Abstract

Analytical procedures using gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) were developed to analyze atrazine (ATR) and its dealkylated metabolites in four forage species (switchgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass). Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were extracted with methanol (CH₃OH) followed by liquid–liquid extraction and partitioning into chloroform, with additional cleanup by C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Through the optimization of ionization conditions and ion storage voltages, the background noise of product ion spectra (MS/MS) was reduced dramatically, providing sub‐µg/kg detection limits. Mean recoveries of ATR, DEA, and DIA were 94.3, 105.6, and 113.1%, respectively. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 µg/kg for ATR, 1.3 µg/kg for DEA, and 0.3 µg/kg for DIA. These LODs were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those reported for other GC‐MS, GC‐MS/MS, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐UV, or HPLC‐MS/MS procedures designed for food‐safety monitoring purposes. To validate the developed method, a field experiment was carried out utilizing three replications of four forage treatments (orchardgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and switchgrass). Forage plants were sampled for analyses 25 days after atrazine application. DEA concentrations in C3 grasses ranged from 47 to 96 µg/kg, about 10‐fold higher than in switchgrass, a C4 species. The ATR and DIA concentrations were similar, ranging from 1.5 to 13.2 µg/kg. The developed method provided sufficient sensitivity to determine the fate of ATR and its chlorinated metabolites via plant uptake from soil or dealkylation within living forage grasses. It also represented significant improvements in sensitivity compared to previous GC methods.     

十氯酮污染土壤上根茎作物收割部分的污染状况

A bacterial strain, Arthrobacter oxydans (B4), capable of degrading benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in water body, was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-contaminated site. Effects of different factors, such as reaction time, pH value, temperature and organic nutrients, on BaP biodegradation by the strain B4 were studied. After 5 d treatment, the concentration of BaP in mineral salts medium was reduced to 0.318 mg L-1 , compared to the initial concentration of 1.000 mg L-1 . There was a process of acid formation during the degradation with pH falling from initial 7.01 to 4.61 at 5 d, so keeping the water body under slightly alkaline condition was propitious to BaP degradation. Strain B4 efficiently degraded BaP at 20 to 37 ℃ with addition of organic nutrients. The biodegradation and transformation of BaP mainly occurred on cell surfaces, and extracellular secretions played an important role in these processes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analyses of metabolites showed that ring cleavage occurred in the BaP degradation process and the resulting metabolically utilizable substrates were generated as sole carbon sources for B4 growth. Furthermore, mineralization extent of metabolites was verified by determining the total organic carbon and inorganic carbon in the degradation system.     

利用LC-MS技术解析沙田柚、琯溪蜜柚种子代谢物的差异

利用液相色谱质谱联用技术(LC-MS)分析沙田柚、琯溪蜜柚种子代谢产物,共检测出6498个代谢物,脂类及类脂分子是其主要的物质,共检测出3651种脂类及类脂分子,其中沙田柚特有88种,琯溪蜜柚特有134种;主成分分析(PCA)以及聚类分析发现,沙田柚种子和琯溪蜜柚种子可以被区分开;对差异代谢物的分析发现,二者共有853个差异代谢物,其中表达量前50的差异代谢物主要是脂类及类脂分子;对黄酮类物质进行具体分析发现,检测到的1134个黄酮类化合物中有234个存在差异,对其生物合成途径分析发现,7个代谢物质存在差异。     

山地轻型动力机变速箱零部件自动设计系统开发

为了解决山地轻型动力机变速箱零部件结构特殊、设计手段落后、设计效率低下的问题,现有的机械自动设计系统不能满足设计要求,采用VB语言,开发了一套山地轻型动力机变速箱零部件自动设计系统。该系统包括强度计算校核模块与造型设计模块,造型设计模块采用VB语言通过AutomationGateway对Pro／E进行二次开发,降低了设计者的工作量,提高了山地轻型动力机变速箱的设计效率。     

温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性研究

利用Biolog研究温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性变化,结果表明:就总体AWCD值来看,阔叶林土体土微生物功能多样性较高于原始红松林,而在根际土上反映更加明显,阔叶林红松幼苗根际土AWCD值几乎高出原始红松林25%。而就整体丰富度及多样性指数上来看,原始红松林根际无论在多样性还是丰富度上均占优,但其土体土却均处于最低位置,这表明在原始林中,微生物更加集中于根系附近。通过单个碳源方差分析发现,在原始林中,无论是土体土还是根际土,在对氨基酸类碳源的利用上均有较大优势。这表明在温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性确有变化,且主要集中在根际部分。     

中职农学专业课堂教学质量提升的探讨

课堂是中职学校的主要教学场所,要提高课堂教学质量,应对中职生源越来越差的现状.农学作为中职院校的专业课之一,课堂教学质量同样重要,文章针对如何提高农学专业课教学质量做了详细的分析并提出相关的对策.     

Early-successional vegetation changes after roadside prairie restoration modify processes related with soil functioning by changing microbial functional diversity

Because of their rapidly changing vegetation dynamics and harsh environmental conditions, roadside prairies in semi-arid regions represent an exceptional study system in which to investigate the effects of plant-soil interactions on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-year field experiment on two roadside embankments in semi-arid central Spain differing in construction age to answer the following questions: (i) do commonly used restoration treatments (hydroseeding, fertilization and irrigation) affect soil microbial functional diversity and processes related to soil functioning (basal respiration, total N and P and in situ N availability rate)? (ii) what portion of plant effects on processes related to soil functioning is mediated indirectly by microbial functional diversity? Except for a small and negative irrigation effect on the microbial functional diversity in the three-year old site, the restoration treatments employed did not affect this variable. Fertilization increased plant diversity, an effect likely mediated by the enhanced soil nutrient availability with this treatment at early stages of secondary succession. In contrast, hydroseeding did not affect processes related to soil functioning. The total effect of the plant community on these processes was higher than that of the microbial functional diversity alone, suggesting that the studied slopes are to the greater extent regulated by plants. However, soil microbes are a key proximate influence in the system, as the indirect effects of plant community on soil functioning processes mediated by soil microbes represented 37-41% of the total plant effects observed. Our results indicate that the restoration of recently built slopes can potentially be improved with treatments that promote plant compositional shifts, such as fertilization, or alter soil function, such as the enhancement of soil microbial functional diversity. They also highlight that plant-soil interactions are an important process that can be manipulated for restoration purposes in early-successional stages, especially in nutrient-poor semi-arid ecosystems.     

UPLC/Q-TOF MS鉴定沃尼妙林在大鼠体内的代谢产物

利用超高效液相色谱/四级杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC/Q-TOF MS）分析鉴定了VLM在大鼠体内的代谢产物,并讨论了VLM在大鼠体内的代谢途径。按20 mg/kg体重的剂量,给Sprague-Dawley大鼠口服灌食沃尼妙林（VLM）,分别采集给药前及给药后的尿液样品。采用UPLC/Q-TOF MS对样品进行分析,代谢物数据经MetaboLynx XS软件处理后,根据常见代谢途径的准确质量数变化对代谢产物进行筛选,利用代谢物的MS/MS信息鉴定了五种代谢产物,并确定VLM代谢途径包括母核羟基化和侧链硫醚键氧化等。研究结果表明,VLM在大鼠体内代谢迅速,母核的羟基化是主要的代谢途径。