超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱法测定水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物的方法改进

以GB/T 20752-2006中的实验方法为基础,对超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLCMS/MS)检测水产品中呋喃它酮(AMOZ)、呋喃西林(SEM)、呋喃妥因(AHD)和呋喃唑酮(AOZ)4种硝基呋喃代谢物的样品前处理方法进行了改进。试样用0. 2 mol/L盐酸溶液溶解后,经2-硝基苯甲醛衍生化,加入0. 1 mol/L磷酸氢二钾,混匀后用1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节pH约为7. 4。经乙酸乙酯直接振荡离心提取上清液,氮气吹干经超高效液相色谱串联质谱,采用正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果表明,四种代谢物回收率控制在90%～120%之间,RSD10%。实际样品分析结果显示,新的样品前处理方法简单、分析时间短、结果可靠,适合水产品中硝基呋喃代谢物残留的测定。     

脂肪水平对早期断奶犊牛生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

早期断奶犊牛饲喂不同脂肪含量代乳品,研究脂肪水平对犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标及饲料进食量的影响,为犊牛生长规律和脂肪需要提供科学依据,为实际生产中犊牛早期断奶和培育提供技术指导。试验选取12头新生荷斯坦公犊牛,分为EE9、EE13、EE17 3组,每组４头,分别饲喂蛋白质水平相同、脂肪含量为9%、13%及17%的3种代乳品。每日记录犊牛开食料的采食情况,并于犊牛10、20、30、40、50、60日龄清晨空腹测定犊牛体重及体尺指标,同时采集犊牛的血液样本进行分析。研究结果表明,3组犊牛哺乳期的饲料日进食量分别为706.9、666.9、569.3 g;10~60日龄的平均日增重分别为498、544、488 g,EE13组犊牛日增重高于EE9、EE17组的犊牛;犊牛60日龄时,EE13组犊牛的体高、体斜长及管围均高于其它2组。血清尿素氮、血糖、甘油三酯的水平不受代乳品脂肪含量的影响,但日龄对哺乳期犊牛甘油三酯含量的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。随日龄的增加,犊牛的生长速度和饲料的进食量逐渐增加,低脂肪的代乳品(EE9)不能满足犊牛的能量需要,高脂肪的代乳品（EE17）抑制了犊牛对开食料的采食量,饲喂脂肪含量13％的代乳品（EE13）对犊牛生长发育优于其它2组。脂肪含量对犊牛血清生化指标的影响不显著。     

Effect of milking frequency in early lactation on energy metabolism, milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of imposing different milking frequencies for the first 4 weeks of lactation on energy balance, blood metabolic profiles and reproductive performance. The milking frequencies imposed were once daily for the first 4 weeks of lactation and twice daily subsequently (X1), twice daily for the entire lactation (X2) and three times daily for the first 4 weeks of lactation and twice daily subsequently (X3). Two weeks prior to the first expected calving date, sixty-three multiparous, Holstein-Friesian cows, were allocated to treatments based on expected calving date, parity (lactation number = 2 and lactation number > 2), BCS and BW. Mean DMI was lower (P < 0.05) on X1 than X2 (15.7 and 17.1 kg/day) over the first 4 weeks of lactation, but DMI on X3 was not different to either. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) on X1 than on X2 and X3 (24.1, 31.9 and 31.4 kg/day) from weeks 1 to 4 and at week 10 of lactation (30.9, 33.9 and 33.7 kg/day) but was not different at week 20. Yield of milk constituents followed the same pattern as milk yield. Milking frequency had no significant effect on milk fat or protein concentration but milk lactose concentration was higher (P < 0.05) on X1 than on X2. Cows on X1 experienced less (P < 0.05) negative energy balance than those on X2 and X3 from weeks 1 to 4, with no difference between X2 and X3. Cows on X1 lost less BW (P < 0.05) from weeks 1 to 4 and lost less BCS up to day 73 of lactation than cows on X2 and X3. Plasma NEFA and BHB concentrations tended to be lower and plasma glucose tended to be higher on X1 than on X2 and X3 from weeks 1 to 4, while plasma insulin was higher on X1 than on X2 and X3 for the first 2 weeks of lactation. There was no difference between treatments in any reproductive performance variable measured. These results indicate that reduced milking frequency decreases milk yield and improves energy balance and metabolic status in early lactation.     

Effects of Mowing and Tebuthiuron on the Nutritional Quality of Wyoming Big Sagebrush

Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) is the most abundant and widely distributed subspecies of big sagebrush and has been treated through chemical application, mechanical treatments, and prescribed burning in efforts thought to improve habitat conditions for species such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Although the response of structural attributes of sagebrush communities to treatments is well understood, there is a need to identify how treatments influence the quality of sagebrush as winter food for wildlife. Our purpose was to identify how mowing and tebuthiuron treatments influenced dietary quality of Wyoming big sagebrush in central Wyoming. Two study areas were mowed in January and February 2014, and tebuthiuron was applied in two study areas in May 2014. We constructed 6 exclosures in each of these four study areas (24 total), which encompassed 30 × 30 m areas of treated and untreated sagebrush within each exclosure. Samples of current annual growth were collected from 18 sagebrush plants from treated and 12 plants from control portions of mowing exclosures during November 2013–2015 and tebuthiuron exclosures during November 2014–2015. Samples were analyzed for crude protein and plant secondary metabolites known to influence dietary selection of sagebrush by sage-grouse and other sagebrush-occurring herbivores. Our results suggest mowing and tebuthiuron treatments may slightly increase crude protein concentrations directly after treatments without immediate changes in plant secondary metabolites. Slight increases in dietary quality of sagebrush following treatments coupled with potential trade-offs with loss of biomass associated with treatments corroborates previous research that treating Wyoming big sagebrush may have little benefit for sage-grouse and other sagebrush-dependent wildlife. Future work should evaluate not only how treatments influence sage-grouse habitat use and reproductive success but also how treatments influence other wildlife species in fragile sagebrush ecosystems.     

Arrangement of cortical microtubules in compression wood tracheids of Taxus cuspidata visualized by confocal laser microscopy

Cortical microtubules (MTs) in differentiating compression wood tracheids of Taxus cuspidata stems were visualized by confocal laser microscopy. They were oriented obliquely at an angle of about 45° to the tracheid axis during formation of the secondary wall. Artificial inclination altered the pattern of alignment of MTs. Banding MTs were helically oriented late during the formation of the secondary walls. These results indicate that MTs might control the orientation and localized deposition of cellulose microfibrils in the secondary walls of compression wood tracheids.Part of this report was presented at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996     

空间生态位的分析方法在森林资源评价中的应用

文章选择黑龙江省东部典型天然次生林和接近原始阔叶红松林两个区域的森林类型,采用空间生态位理论的分析方法,对组成这两个森林群落类型的主要种群的空间生态位宽度和地理矩进行了定量测定。并对森林资源进行了空间生态位的划分。从而反映出森林群落的演替动态及趋势。结果表明：在帽儿山次生林区,生态位宽度最大的是色木械,榆树,水曲柳和黄波罗等硬阔叶树种,白桦,山杨等软阔叶树种的生态位宽度正在缩小。森林群落进入了以硬     

杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累动态的研究

通过对杜仲叶中次生代谢物含量的测定,对其生长积累动态作了以下有关分析：不同无性系的次生代谢物含量差异显著：绿原酸在略１中含量最高（４０７％）,略４９中含量最低（１２７％）;桃叶珊瑚甙在略１中含量最高（３９８％）,略４９中含量最低（１０８％）;京尼平甙酸在灌３中含量最高（０１２％）,略４９中含量最低（００５％）;总黄酮在略１１中含量最高（１６７％）,略４１中含量最低（０１８％）;杜仲胶在略１中含量最高（３８０％）,略０中含量最低（１７６％）;表明树木的遗传基因（决定个体生长发育）也是调控次生代谢产物的重要因素。在年周期中,杜仲叶次生代谢物生长积累的动态变化为：绿原酸含量以６月、１１月份最高,５月份最低;桃叶珊瑚甙在６月、１１月份含量最高,７月、８月份最低;京尼平甙酸在６月份含量最高,５月、１１月份最低;总黄酮以５月份含量最高,１０月份最低;杜仲胶含量以５～６月份最高,以后逐渐下降。似乎与树体年生长速率存在一定的相关关系。     

不同杨树树种枝条木质部酚类次生代谢物质的分析

采用高效液相色谱法,对８个杨树树种枝条木质部次生代谢物质种类和含量进行了分析。共测定次生代谢物质１４种,不同杨树的次生代谢物质种类有所不同,在含量上也存在显著差异。对次生代谢物质进行聚类分析表明：８个杨树树种中白杨派的毛白杨和新疆杨为一类,另外６种黑杨派及其杂交类群的杨树为另一类。     

克伦特罗和苯二氮卓化合物F89对肉鸡生长、胴体组成和血液代谢物的影响

将β－受体激动剂克伦特罗（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和苯二氮卓化合物Ｆ８９（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）同时添加在４１～５６,３８～５９和５～５６日龄红布罗肉鸡的日粮中,连续饲喂。饲养试验表明：试验组肉鸡的摄食量分别提高了４．４７％,３．３４％和５．３４％;增重分别提高了１３．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,８．７２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和９．９６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。屠宰试验表明：试验组肉鸡的胸肌率和腿肌率都有明显提高,从而改善了肉鸡胴体组成,提高了瘦肉率。肉鸡的胸肌增加伴随着ＲＮＡ含量增多,而总ＤＮＡ含量保持不变,因此,试验组肉鸡的胸肌ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ值上升。添喂Ｆ８９和ＣＬ后,肉鸡血清尿酸和雌激素（１７β－Ｅ２）含量显著降低,而游离脂肪酸和胰岛素含量显著上升。     

In vitro hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in tissues of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

The in vitro metabolism of ¹⁴CD₃ and ³H25OHD₃ was investigated in different tissues from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar , Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus , Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua . The tissues analysed were liver, kidney, head kidney, gills, spleen and intestine. The metabolites were extracted in methanol–chloroform and separated by normal-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by scintillation counting. Identification of the metabolites was by comigration with standards on normal and reversed-phase HPLC systems and by protein-binding assays. All tissues from all species analysed produced hydroxylated derivatives identified as 25OHD₃, 24,25(OH)₂D₃ and 1,25(OH)₂D₃. In addition, some unidentified derivatives were recorded, one probably being 25,26(OH)₂D₃. Organs producing great amounts of one metabolite also produced considerable amounts of the other possible derivatives, suggesting a lower degree of specificity in fish organs than in human organs. The predominating metabolite was 24,25(OH)₂D₃ in all organs from salmon and mackerel during incubation with ¹⁴CD₃ and within most organs from all species during ³H25OHD₃ incubation. The latter observation probably results from the need for decreasing rather than increasing the calcium absorption in these species, which live at least some periods of life in a marine environment.