Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

Field screening for genetic-based susceptibility to mammalian browsing

Browsing by mammalian herbivores is a major problem in plantation forestry. Seedlings are most vulnerable to browsing during establishment, making protection crucial during this period. Aside from reducing herbivore numbers, browsing can be controlled through the application of tree guards or chemical repellents. These methods are generally short-term options. A promising, potentially longer-term method of reducing browsing damage on plantations is to plant individuals with enhanced natural browse resistance. This requires the development of a rapid, cost-effective means of identifying germplasm with enhanced resistance. Here we present such a screening methodology.We planted Eucalyptus globulus seedlings from 22 different seedlots in randomised blocks along edge rows of six operational plantations. Seedlings were monitored for mammal browsing damage and growth for 2 years. Natural variation between E. globulus seedlots resulted in significant variation in the extent to which they were browsed. Differential browsing was evident just 10 weeks after planting, and caused a significant effect on tree growth after 2 years. Differential browsing was thought to be due to variation in levels of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). The identification and selective planting of high PSM seedlots in high risk areas could be an effective management tool to reduce browsing in plantation forestry.     

宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

KNO3、K2SO4及其混盐胁迫对辣椒幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为探讨日光温室土壤主要盐分对作物水分吸收、保护酶、渗透调节物质以及质膜透性的影响,以辣椒品种亮剑为研究试材,比较研究了50,100,150,200 mmol/L的KNO3,K2SO4及其混盐处理对辣椒幼苗茎叶和根系含水量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)和可...     

诱导子在药用植物培养中的应用

诱导子在药用植物培养中具有重要作用,通过阐述诱导子的概念和类型、诱导子对植物次生代谢产物形成的影响等方面内容,以为相关研究提供参考。     

真菌分类技术的研究进展

综述了真菌分类研究中一些常用技术的变化和发展,并归纳和总结了这些技术的优缺点。     

蚁蚕期个体形体特征在蚕种杂交率检验中的应用

 【目的】检验蚕种杂交率是蚕桑生产的重要工作，但生产上还没有一种理想的方法。【方法】采用体视显微镜（解剖镜）放大观察蚁蚕。【结果】不同蚕品种具有不同的蚕体颜色、斑纹、斑纹颜色和形状、体型等形体特征，这种形体特征与4、5龄大蚕的形体特征不同，据此发明了一种根据蚁蚕期形体特征检验蚕种杂交率的方法。该方法是采用体视显微镜和摄影设备首先建立每一个家蚕品种蚁蚕期个体形体特征的图文数据库；然后将待鉴别家蚕品种的形体特征与数据库中已知品种的形体特征进行一对一的比较分析，按照概率分布理论和抽样推断方法对检验结果进行统计推断；为了同时减少将不合格蚕种误判为合格蚕种及将合格蚕种误判为不合格蚕种的鉴定风险，拟采用2次抽样检验方法，2个样本组成都为1 000个个体，当第一检和第二检检出纯种数分别小于等于38和79时判为合格蚕种。【结论】本方法可达到简便、正确、快速、低成本、早时期的检验蚕种杂交率的目的。     

小花盾叶薯蓣块茎形成规律的研究

根据施肥和密度2个因素3个水平9个处理,研究了小花盾叶薯蓣的块茎形成规律.结果表明,1年生和2年生的小花盾叶薯蓣次生根茎的生长规律基本一致,都是典型的单峰曲线,但峰值时间不一致.不同肥料配比之间差异不显著,不同密度水平之间差异极显著;连续生长2年的次生根茎的产量是1年生的1.70～3.87倍.影响产量的因素主要有密度、生长年限以及栽培模式等.     

次生代谢抗虫基因工程研究进展

利用基因工程技术修饰植物次生代谢途径,提高有用次生代谢物的含量成为植物生物技术发展领域的热点之一。对次生代谢产物在植物抗虫基因工程中的研究进展进行了综述。     

奶牛次级性状的微卫星标记与QTL定位研究进展

对奶牛繁殖性状(产犊容易度、排卵数)、体型性状(乳房性状、肢蹄性状、体型性状)、健康性状(体细胞和乳房炎抗性)和生产效率性状(生产寿命、泌乳速度等)等4类次级性状QTL定位的研究进展进行了综述。