五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

近年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征

渤海封闭性强,水动力条件和自净能力较弱,其生态系统较为敏感和脆弱。2011年位于渤海中部的蓬莱19-3油田发生重大溢油事故,对渔业生态环境和渔业资源造成了严重影响。为了解和掌握该起溢油污染事故发生后渔业生态环境的变化状况,分别于2012?2014年在渤海中部海域进行了9个航次的生态环境跟踪调查。利用其中部分调查资料,作者对渤海中部活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果显示,(1)2012?2014年春季和夏季渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,秋、冬季部分海域已受到活性磷酸盐的污染。(2)不同季节渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的平面分布趋势各异,垂直分布也存在季节差异。春季和夏季活性磷酸盐呈现由表层至底层递减的趋势,秋季和冬季接近呈垂直分布均匀状态。(3)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐平均含量季节变化明显,其含量顺序由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,冬季明显高于夏季。2014年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量低于2013年,呈逐年降低趋势。(4)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐时空变化受到诸多因素的影响,营养盐的外源补充、内源再生和生物消耗是影响活性磷酸盐时空变化的最重要因素。     

Life-history variation in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in five neighbouring Norwegian lakes

Abstract – We have studied the population dynamics and reproductive biology of perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.) from five neighbouring lakes in Norway. The lakes vary in water quality, varying from strongly acidified (pH≤5.0) to not acidified (pH≥6.0). Estimated annual survival rates did not differ among populations. There was no strong relationship between age at maturity in female perch and acidification. However, age at maturity was lower for female perch from the most acidic lake ( c . 2 years) compared with perch in the four other lakes (2.5–3.5 years). There was no relationship between acidification level and size-adjusted egg size, fecundity or reproductive investment (Gonadosomatic index – GSI). Perch in the most acidified lake showed large variation in egg size, the lowest length-specific fecundity, the highest GSI, and the lowest age at maturity. Environmental stress, such as acidification, induces a number of changes to a lake community. It is therefore difficult to predict how acidification will influence the population dynamics and reproductive biology of a perch population.     

东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随发育的变化

根据2006年7月～2008年12月采集于东海北部近海的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)样品,共测定体长在23～157 mm范围内的棘头梅童鱼474 ind,应用卡方检验和聚类分析等方法,对棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随个体发育的变化进行了分析。结果显示:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼的食物种类夏季出现较多,春季出现较少;91～110 mm体长组出现较多,≤50 mm体长组和>130 mm体长组出现较少。食物多样性指数春季较高,秋季较低;≤50 mm体长组较低,>130 mm体长组较高,食物多样性指数随体长的增加而升高。卡方检验显示,棘头梅童鱼主要食物种类宽尾刺糠虾(Acanthomysis latiscauda)、中国毛虾(Aceteschinensis)、七星底灯鱼(Myctophum pterotum)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的出现频率有极显著的季节变化,中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)的出现频率有显著的季节变化;宽尾刺糠虾和七星底灯鱼的出现频率随体长的变化极显著,而中国毛虾、中华假磷虾和中华哲水蚤的出现频率随体长的变化不显著。聚类分析结果表明,棘头梅童鱼春冬季、夏季和秋季三个时期的食物组成差异显著;体长聚类分两组,即体长>70 mm和≤70mm之间食物组成有明显差异。通过分析发现:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物的季节变化与该海域饵料生物的季节变化密切相关;食物组成随发育的变化符合"最佳摄食理论",其饵料生物种类和大小随棘头梅童鱼体长的增加发生了显著的变化。     

Genetic variability in meiotic gynogenetic muskellunge,Esox masquinongy (Mitchell), estimated from segregation of microsatellite alleles

Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, is an important recreational freshwater fish native to North America. Since muskellunge populations are often maintained through stocking efforts, advances in muskellunge reproductive technologies are of direct relevance to fishery enhancement. We evaluated the efficiency of inbreeding through induced meiotic diploid gynogenesis. Eggs from six female muskellunge were manually stripped and activated using ultra violet‐irradiated yellow perch, Perca flavescens, sperm. Hydrostatic pressure shocking regimes (48 263 kPa) were then applied to the eggs to prevent second polar body expulsion producing unambiguous meiotic gynogens. Six female dams and samples of 12–20 of their gynogenetic progeny were genotyped at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Chromosomal recombination frequencies of microsatellite loci based on retention of heterozygosity among gynogens ranged from 0.043 to 0.839 (0.576 ± 0.237). There were no statistical differences in recombination frequency among females at any of the loci. The average inbreeding coefficient (F‐value) ranged from 0.581 to 0.979, equivalent to three to fourteen generations of full‐sibling crosses respectively. The average F‐value overall was 0.712, equivalent to between five and six generations of full‐sibling crosses. Centromere map distances of the seven microsatellite loci ranged from 2.15 to 41.95 cM and meiotic gynogenesis was useful in eliminating heterozygosity at loci proximal to the centromere, but not distal. Since the age at maturity of female muskellunge is approximately 5 years, gynogenesis may pose an expeditious alternative to traditional breeding strategies for creation of homozygous pedigrees for some loci that may be outcrossed to introduce positive heterozygosity effects in the offspring.     

Diurnal variations in hypothalamic monoamine levels in the teleostChanna punctatus (bloch) in response to melatonin under two photothermal conditions

Hypothalamic dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels exhibited marked day-night variations under ambient photoperiod and temperature (12L12D; 17±1°C) with peak values at mid-light phase. The 16L8D; 22±1°C treatment reversed the diurnal rhythm of 5-HT, but not that of DA and NA. However, there was an overall increase in the levels of the catecholamines on exposure to the long photoperiod and high temperature. The administration of melatonin in the fish held on 16L8D; 22±1°C regime restored the 5-HT rhythm to that of the 12L12D; 17±1°C control group, but with elevated mid-photophase value. However, there was no effect of the indole treatment on the 5-HT rhythm under the 12L12D; 17±1°C regime. Melatonin causes a significant reduction of NA level in both the groups, while DA level did not change in either group.     

尼罗罗非鱼(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(♂)杂交F_2与F_3群体遗传特征的微卫星分析

利用罗非鱼第二代遗传连锁图谱中微卫星标记对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)(♂)杂交后代F_2、F_3群体遗传特征进行了初步比较分析。结果显示,28对引物中有22对引物能有效扩增,未观察到杂交后代F_2、F_3中有多倍体个体现象。筛选出7个在尼萨罗非鱼杂交后代F_2、F_3群体中存在差异的位点。杂交F_2群体平均等位基因(Na)为2.71,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.466,平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.632;杂交F_3群体平均Na为2.14,平均PIC为0.370,平均Ho为0.432,杂交F_3遗传杂合性较杂交F_2降低。F_2自繁F_3过程中,F_3群体4个位点的等位基因与F_2完全相同,3个位点的等位基因少于F_2,且F_3群体在2个位点出现完全纯合,杂交F_3群体位点等位基因呈现纯合趋势。研究结果为尼萨罗非鱼杂交世代遗传变异与杂交利用积累基础资料。     

草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究

针对草海水质污染状况,开展水质季节变化特征研究,为草海湿地污染治理及保护提供依据。在草海湿地湖泊设置了15个采样点,于2014年8月、11月和2015年1月、4月,分4季进行水样采集。以所测水质参数为基础,运用水质综合评价和GIS空间分析方法,研究草海湿地水环境质量时空变化,并基于营养状态对湖泊水体进行了分区。研究表明:(1)草海TP、TN、CODMn、Chl-a 4种主要水质指标浓度在春季高于其他3个季节,浓度分别达到0.03、0.98、6.30和0.025 mg/L,空间分布呈现由东至西逐渐降低的趋势,草海入水口及码头区域要明显高于湖泊其他区域。(2)草海湖泊营养状态为中营养级别,按4个季度的综合营养状态指数(TLI)平均值分为3个区域,A区为东北角入水口及西海游客码头,长年处于富营养状态,为富营养状态区,53.9≤TLI≤63.0,水质处于Ⅳ与Ⅴ类等级;B区为临近县城及入水口区域,季节性富营养状态,为中营养状态区,41.2≤TLI≤46.6;C区为草海湖泊中心延续到阳关山的下游出水口区域,为贫中营养状态区,35.8≤TLI≤39.7;B区和C区水质全年为Ⅲ类等级。(3)各区域主要污染物指标以Chl-a、TN为主,A区形成的主因是城市污水注入,B区形成的主因是农业面源污染。控制城市污水和农药、化肥施用量是治理草海湖泊水环境的重要途径。     

基于流域生物资源保护的水库生态调度

阐述了流域水电开发对流域生物资源的影响途径:通道阻隔、水库淹没、径流调节、水温变化等,探讨了流域水电开发对河流连续性、河道洪枯过程、库区生境等生态功能的影响方式.结合三峡水利枢纽工程实例,针对宜昌断面基于流域生物资源保护的流量要求,建立了以水电站发电效益最大为目标的长期优化调度模型,并采用差分进化法进行优化求解,获得了相应的水电站水库调度出流过程,并在此基础上采取人造洪峰、提高下泄水温等生态修复方式保护流域生物资源.建议水库运行调度应在考虑工程功能的同时,兼顾下游及水库的生态功能,以达到流域水资源开发与保护流域健康的生态系统相协调的目的.