Effects of breed, age of dam, birth year, birth season and sex on weaning weight of beef calves

Weaning weights of 442 beef calves (223 male and 219 female), born between 1997 and 2004 from cows of nine breeds (Hungarian Fleckvieh, Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Red Angus, Lincoln Red, Charolais, Limousin, Blonde d' Aquitaine and Shaver) and maintained in the same conditions on peat-bog soil pasture at Keszthely, were evaluated. The effect of breed, age of dam, year/season of birth and sex of calf on the 205-day weaning weight was computed by analysis of variance (GLM). Overall mean of the 205-day weaning weight of all calves was 193 kg. The contribution to the total phenotypic variance of the 205-day weaning weight was: 18.60% by breed, 2.79% by age of dam, 43.23% by birth year, 3.95% by birth season and 31.43% by sex of calf. The evaluated factors had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on 205-day weight. Mean values by breeds were 198, 163, 206, 205, 182, 204, 181, 189 and 204 kg, respectively. According to the age of the dam, the weaning weight increased up to 5 years and after the maximum (205 kg) decreased. The minimum values were found in the group of 2- (178 kg) and 12-year-old (174 kg) cows. With respect to birth year, the highest weaning weight (238 kg) was observed in 2002 and the lowest (151 kg) in 1999. For birth season, winter, spring, summer and autumn, the 205-day weaning weight was 183, 196, 203 and 190 kg, respectively. Male calves reached 202 kg and female calves 185 kg mean value of the adjusted weaning weight.     

Seasonal variation in osmoregulatory and metabolic parameters in earthen pond-cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus

Seasonal variations in osmoregulatory and metabolic parameters were assessed in juvenile gilthead sea bream ( Sparus auratus ) cultured in earthen ponds under a natural photoperiod and temperature. Specimens were sampled, and the plasma, gill, kidney and liver were collected during winter 2005 and 2006 (January), spring 2005 (April), summer 2005 (July) and autumn 2005 (October). Plasma osmoregulatory parameters showed higher values in summer, while metabolic parameters presented different patterns of variations. Gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity decreased significantly in winter, while gill metabolite levels showed different patterns of variations among seasons. The enzymatic activities tested did not present a clear pattern of variation [(glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) (GDH) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) (HK)] or significant differences along seasons [glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49)]. Kidney Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity decreased during summer and autumn. Different patterns of variation were observed in kidney metabolite levels while all the enzymatic activities assessed [lactate dehydrogenase-oxidase (EC 1.1.1.27) (LDH-O), HK and GDH] presented the highest values during summer. In the liver, metabolite levels and enzymatic activities did not show significant variations or present clear patterns of variation along different seasons. These results indicated seasonal variations in the osmoregulatory and metabolic parameters of different organs (blood, gill, kidney and liver) in earthen pond-cultured gilthead sea bream ( S. auratus ), which could be mainly attributed to seasonal changes in temperature.     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数的中国干旱趋势研究

标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)通过标准化潜在蒸散与降水的差值表征一个地区干湿状况偏离常年的程度,是分析干旱演变趋势的新理想指标,目前已经广泛应用于干旱评估、水资源管理等领域。用SPEI和1951—2009年中国区域160个站的月降水量及月平均气温资料,对中国59年来干旱化的空间分布、四季干旱趋势变化和全国极端干旱事件发生频次进行了分析,并定性分析了干旱发生的原因。结果表明,我国普遍存在干旱化的事实,西部、华北和东北地区干旱化最为显著。我国四季均呈现干旱化趋势,其中春、秋季干旱化趋势明显,夏季最近15年都处于干旱状态,但干旱化趋势未通过0.05显著性检验;另外全国极端干旱事件发生频率明显增多。东北和华北地区的降水呈现轻微减少趋势,而温度升高趋势明显,降水和温度的共同作用导致了明显的干旱化。四川盆地温度升高趋势不显著,但降水减少显著,降水较少是导致四川盆地干旱化的主要原因。降水频率的减少和集中也导致近几年极端干旱事件明显增多。我国普遍的干旱化趋势和明显增多的极端干旱事件可能对我国经济发展产生阻碍。     

沙洲早水芹在不同季节及不同栽培方式下的品质差异

以沙洲早水芹为试材,比较了在不同季节和不同栽培方式下产品的部分品质指标的差异。试验结果表明,秋季淹水条件下产品与在春季湿润栽培下的产品相比,含水率基本相同,但在可溶性总糖、还原糖等营养物质含量,以及粗纤维等保健物质含量,包括干物质的持水率等品质指标方面存在较明显的差异。     

东海区小黄鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源合理利用探讨

以1991-2002年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为基础,系统分析研究了伏季休渔制度对东海区小黄鱼(Larim-ichthys polyactis Bleeker)资源的养护效果及其局限性,并根据Ricker繁殖模型解析现行资源状况下的最大持续产量,探讨巩固伏季休渔效果的相关管理措施。结果表明,伏季休渔措施对小黄鱼资源的养护作用十分明显,经3个月休渔期,海域中小黄鱼资源增重率达1.71倍,开捕时刻(9月)的相对资源密度为全年最高。但伏季休渔的效果在当年的秋冬汛后即被消耗殆尽,12月份时的资源残存量仅为伏季休渔结束时刻的11％;与伏季休渔制度实施前相比,目前东海区小黄鱼资源的群体结构已发生了质的变化,当龄鱼的渔获比例由伏季休渔制度实施前的43.14％上升至近年来的74.64％,剩余群体的渔获比例由56.86％下降至25.36％,资源结构的脆弱程度进一步加剧;伏季休渔制度对小黄鱼资源的长期恢复效果因捕捞力量的居高不下而难以持续体现。坚持产出控制,在现行资源状况下实行9.34×104t最大持续产量的管理目标,伏季休渔制度对东海区小黄鱼资源保护和恢复的长期效果才能得以逐步实现。     

调味海带脆片生产工艺

本文探讨了以干海带为原料，通过硬化、护绿、调味、微波干燥等工艺生产海带脆片的方法。     

新疆地区荷斯坦干奶牛与泌乳牛四季NH3排放量变化的研究

试验于2011年7月～2012年7月在同一栋牛舍内对20头干奶牛和20头泌乳牛分别进行了四季氨气排放量测定,每个季节根据气象信息所提供的当地气温,分别在季前、季中、季末共选取气温相近的18d,分别对干奶牛（9d）与泌乳牛（9d）进行监测。通过测定不同时间段牛舍内NH3的浓度,把3次实测值进行累加,计算出24h奶牛NH3的排放值。结果表明,四季试验期间干奶牛舍内平均NH3排放量是6．42g／（头·d）,四季泌乳牛舍内平均NH、排放量是10．62g／（头·d）。四季温度的变化对奶牛排放NH3有一定的影响。奶牛NH3的排放量与奶牛的采食量、饲料配方和饲料中CP水平有关,一头体重500kg左右的奶牛一年产生约3．6kg的氨气：     

秦巴山区多鳞白甲鱼食性的初步研究

2018年4月至10月在秦巴山区黑河国家水产种质资源保护区采集多鳞白甲鱼样本179尾,采用镜检法和聚类分析等方法,对多鳞白甲鱼摄食习性及其食性的时空变化特征进行研究。结果显示:多鳞白甲鱼饵料生物共10种,摄食强度的季节性差异为春季<夏季<秋季,冬季无摄食行为。相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)单独聚为一类,与饵料生物的出现频率(F%),数量百分比(N%)和质量百分比(W%)之间存在差异。4种指数综合分析表明,饵料生物来源主要是水生昆虫成虫、藻类及摇蚊幼虫。IRI%时空聚类结果表明,饵料生物组成无明显季节性差异,但存在空间差异。多鳞白甲鱼食性的选择具有良好的环境适应性。     

放牧藏绵羊暖、冷季瘤胃VFAs与SGLT1基因表达特征关联分析

旨在探究藏绵羊应对暖、冷季营养供给不均衡以及冷季营养供给严重匮乏的适应机制。本研究对放牧藏绵羊暖、冷季瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)和瘤胃、小肠、大肠组织 SGLT1基因相对表达量进行测定,并进行VFAs与 SGLT1基因表达的相关性分析。结果表明:冷季VFAs含量显著高于暖季(P0.05),除丁酸外,其他VFA含量在暖、冷季均呈显著性差异(P0.05);冷季的乙酸/丙酸(A/P)值显著高于暖季(P0.05)。暖季胃肠道组织的 SGLT1基因表达量均显著高于冷季(P0.05),小肠 SGLT1基因表达量在暖、冷季均显著高于瘤胃和大肠(P0.05)。相关性分析发现,乙酸、丙酸与 SGLT1基因之间呈显著性负相关(P0.05),异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸与瘤胃 SGLT1基因之间呈显著性正相关(P0.05)。因此,由于暖、冷季放牧藏绵羊胃肠道的营养吸收水平不同,暖、冷季瘤胃VFAs含量和 SGLT1基因表达量存在季节差异性,以及瘤胃VFAs与 SGLT1基因间存在显著相关性。表明藏绵羊瘤胃VFAs与宿主的互作关系影响其营养胁迫的适应机制。     

The Effect of Season on Muscle Growth,Fat Deposition,Travel Patterns,and Hoof Growth of Domestic Young Horses

Our objective was to determine the influence of season (winter, spring, summer, and fall) on travel patterns, hoof growth, and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) height and fat thickness between 13th and 14th ribs in 16 horses aged <4 years (eight males and eight females) of Morgan, Quarter Horse, and Moriesian breeds. Real-time ultrasound images of LM height and fat thickness as well as measures of hoof growth were obtained at the end of each season. Global positioning system tracking was conducted for four randomly selected days and one storm day in each season. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model procedure in SAS. Season influenced fat deposition (P < .01) with the greatest increase in fall (P < .05) but had minimal effect on muscle growth. Hoof growth was greatest in summer and least in winter (P < .01). The average distance traveled was greater in spring and summer than in fall and winter (P < .01). The horses moved for less time and traveled less distance on storm days (P < .05) compared with nonstorm days. Young horses also traveled less on storm days, which indicates that it may be especially important to provide shelter for them. It was concluded that season influenced fat deposition, distance traveled, and hoof growth of domestic young horses. A better understanding of these factors could help equine professionals manage young horses more efficiently to benefit the horses’ physical well-being.