牛奶中脂肪酸与常规营养成分含量的影响因素分析

本试验旨在研究季节对牛奶中脂肪酸含量的影响以及不同地区、泌乳期、季节和胎次对牛奶常规营养成分的影响。对来自DHI中心的9872份牛奶样本中的脂肪酸含量数据和3430份牛奶样本中的乳脂、蛋白质、乳糖与总固形物含量数据,按季节、地区、泌乳期、胎次进行分组,然后进行单因素方差分析。结果如下:(1)季节对牛奶中脂肪酸含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):夏季乳脂中饱和脂肪酸极显著高于其他季节(P<0.01),不饱和脂肪酸极显著低于其他季节(P<0.01)。游离脂肪酸春季最高且极显著高于其他季节(P<0.01)。(2)不同地区对乳脂、乳糖、总固形物产生极显著影响(P<0.01):宁夏蛋白质含量最高,且显著高于河南、湖北与内蒙古(P<0.05)。而宁夏与内蒙古之间乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物无显著差异(P>0.05)。湖北与宁夏牛奶总成分含量较高。(3)泌乳期对牛奶成分含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):泌乳前期乳脂、蛋白质、总固形物含量最低,且显著低于泌乳中期、泌乳晚期、泌乳延长期(>305d)(P<0.05)。泌乳前期与泌乳中期乳糖含量较高,且极显著高于泌乳晚期、泌乳延长期(P<0.01)。(4)不同季节对乳常规营养成分含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):夏季各项指标最低,且极显著低于春季、秋季、冬季(P<0.01)。(5)不同胎次对乳蛋白、乳糖、总固形物含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01),一胎牛乳中各种成分含量最高,且极显著高于三胎次奶牛(P<0.01)。     

Reproductive seasonality in female goats adapted to a subtropical environment persists independently of food availability

The aim of this study was to determine whether the seasonal change in food availability provides a predictive cue that synchronizes the breeding season in goats adapted to the subtropical conditions of Northern Mexico. Groups of multiparous intact (n = 7) and ovariectomized does bearing a subcutaneous implant constantly releasing estradiol-l7β (OVX+E; n = 12) were allocated in two pens and received a constant amount of feed. Another group of OVX+E does (n = 10) was incorporated into a flock raised under natural grazing conditions with seasonal fluctuations in food availability. Blood samples were taken twice weekly. Ovulation of intact goats was inferred from plasma progesterone levels. In OVX+E does plasma levels of LH were measured. Intact does displayed seasonal variations in ovulation and the breeding season lasted from September to February. OVX+E goats displayed large seasonal variations in LH secretion regardless of whether they were fed constantly indoors or kept under natural grazing conditions (P < 0.0001). The mean date of increase in LH secretion varied between years (P < 0.0001) but did not differ between groups (naturally grazed: August 13 ± 10 days; constantly fed: August 26 ± 10 days). In contrast, the seasonal decline in LH secretion differed between groups: it was consistently delayed in constantly fed animals compared to those feeding naturally (naturally grazed: January 28 ± 4 days; constantly fed: February 24 ± 6 days, group effect, P < 0.01). These results show that local female goats from subtropical Mexico display large reproductive seasonality independently of food availability.     

不同季节蚯蚓活动对土壤微生物类群数量的影响

采用人工培养的蚯蚓和野生环毛蚓在试验土壤中进行接种,跟踪测量不同季节中蚯蚓-微生物交互作用下土壤微生物类群数量的变化,探讨了蚯蚓活动对土壤中不同微生物类群数量的影响。结果表明,接种蚯蚓后土壤中微生物类群的数量都有不同程度的增加,细菌数量的增加比放线菌和真菌明显一些。春季接种蚯蚓土壤中的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的增加程度要比其他季节高。人工培养的蚯蚓和野生环毛蚓对土壤中不同季节微生物类群数量影响的差异程度不显著。     

茶树对氟富集作用的研究

利用氟电极分析了31个茶树品种，不同成熟度、不同季节茶树叶片和不同茶树器官的氟含量。结果表明，不同茶树品种成熟叶片平均氟含量为1499．2mg/kg，其中乌牛早氟含量最高，为2163．2mg/kg，浙农138氟含量最低，为805．7mg/kg，前者为后者的2．7倍。6个品种夏季不同叶位间氟含量分析结果显示，芽氟含量最低，平均为88．6mg/kg，第六叶氟含量最高，平均为1010．1mg/kg，除第五叶与第六叶氟含量无显著差异外，其余叶位氟含量均存在显著或极显著差异，同时春季新梢不同叶位氟含量为26．0mg/kg-700.8mg/kg，均低于夏季新梢对应叶位氟含量。鸠坑茶树植株主要器官氟含量差异明显，其中叶片氟含量最高，其次为嫩茎和须根，主根最低，不同树龄茶树主要器官间氟含量也存在一定差异。     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

模拟季节条件及N·P营养盐对冠盘藻和蛋白核小球藻生长的影响

[目的]研究在三峡水库水环境发生变化的情况下,优势藻种在不同季节和营养盐浓度下的生长情况。[方法]通过测定叶绿素a的浓度和计算比生长率分析了模拟季节条件及N、P营养盐对冠盘藻和蛋白核小球藻生长的影响。[结果]冠盘藻和蛋白核小球藻在模拟夏季中的生长大于模拟春、秋、冬季。在模拟春、秋、夏季中,随着氮磷营养盐浓度的升高,培养末期蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素a浓度逐渐升高。在模拟冬季中,高浓度营养盐抑制了蛋白核小球藻的生长。在模拟春、秋、夏季中,冠盘藻的生长随着营养盐浓度的增加而增加,蛋白核小球藻的生长潜能大于冠盘藻。在模拟冬季中,高浓度营养盐条件下冠盘藻的生长潜能大于蛋白核小球藻。[结论]根据蛋白核小球藻和冠盘藻在不同季节及不同营养盐浓度下的生长能力可以预测三峡水库发生水华的可能性。     

不同季节安溪铁观音茶叶多酚类物质含量差异及其与品质的关系(英文)

[目的]研究不同季节安溪铁观音茶叶酚类物质的含量差异及其与茶叶品质的关系。[方法]采用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法分别对不同季节安溪铁观音茶叶中的茶多酚总量及主要的酚类物质进行分析测定,并对茶叶样品进行感官质量评价。[结果]不同季节安溪铁观音茶叶中的酚类物质含量差异显著,夏茶的茶多酚总量和酯型儿茶素含量明显高于春茶和秋茶,茶叶滋味苦涩味较明显,茶叶品质较低;春茶和秋茶的黄酮醇含量明显更高,茶汤色泽较好。[结论]该研究可为有针对性地调控茶多酚含量以提高夏暑茶品质提供依据,并为乌龙茶品质化学分析提供基础数据。     

Intra-annual variability in the contribution of tile drains to basin discharge and phosphorus export in a first-order agricultural catchment

This study examines spatiotemporal variability (event-based, seasonal) in the contribution of drainage tiles within a basin to basin hydrologic discharge and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) export over a period of 1 year. Tile discharge was highly variable at both moderate (wet versus dry periods) and smaller (within-event) temporal scales, accounting for 0-90% of basin discharge at any given time. An estimated 42% of basin annual discharge originated from drainage tiles, the majority of which occurred during the winter and spring months. Concentrations of SRP and TP in drainage tile effluent were also highly variable in space and time (1-2850 μg SRP L⁻¹, 5-8275 μg TP L⁻¹). Higher concentrations of SRP and TP were linked to fields receiving manure compared to fields receiving inorganic fertilizers. SRP export from tiles accounted for 118% of basin SRP export on average, although their contribution to basin SRP export ranged from 4 to 344% on 32 discrete dates during which all tiles in the basin were sampled for hydrochemistry. On the same 32 dates, tiles accounted for an average of 43% of basin TP export, although this ranged from 0 to 200%. Management options such as tile plugs and optimizing the timing and application rates of fertilizer should be explored to minimize nutrient export from tiles.     

秦巴山区多鳞白甲鱼食性的初步研究

2018年4月至10月在秦巴山区黑河国家水产种质资源保护区采集多鳞白甲鱼样本179尾,采用镜检法和聚类分析等方法,对多鳞白甲鱼摄食习性及其食性的时空变化特征进行研究。结果显示:多鳞白甲鱼饵料生物共10种,摄食强度的季节性差异为春季<夏季<秋季,冬季无摄食行为。相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)单独聚为一类,与饵料生物的出现频率(F%),数量百分比(N%)和质量百分比(W%)之间存在差异。4种指数综合分析表明,饵料生物来源主要是水生昆虫成虫、藻类及摇蚊幼虫。IRI%时空聚类结果表明,饵料生物组成无明显季节性差异,但存在空间差异。多鳞白甲鱼食性的选择具有良好的环境适应性。     

A preliminary study of the behaviour and vitality of reseeded juvenile great scallops, of three sizes in three seasons

In order to have a better understanding of recessing in great scallop, Pecten maximus and consequently the causes of mortality at reseeding, this study has monitored, at different seasons, the dispersion and recessing of different sizes of juveniles (about 15, 30 and 45 mm, called small, medium and large) after seeding. Moreover, the aim was to see when small spat (15 mm) could be seeded, and thus reduce the costs of intermediate culture.Three monitoring approaches were used together: (1) continual observations by remote video camera, of a defined area (less than 1 m²) containing 10 scallops from each size group; (2) daily monitoring of behaviour with divers along three bottom lines, with 20 × 1 m² plots each and nine marked scallops per plot; and (3) the biochemical content of the muscle: adenylic energetic charge and storage of energy reserves (glucides, proteins, lipids).The video monitoring identified but did not quantify predator behaviour, particularly at night. The role and behaviour of spiny crab, Maia squinado, and of small predators has clearly been shown, such as: (a) small crustaceans, Inachus sp., breaking the edges of scallop valves; and (b) small gobies, Pomatoschistus pictus, pecking the tentacles of the scallop mantle.For the monitoring by divers, filtering appeared much too difficult to look at for it was very disturbed by divers, and anyway the resumption of filtering came immediately after seeding. On the other hand, diver monitoring of dispersal and recessing was quite easy to do with a minimum of practice. On the basis of dispersal, the best seasons for seeding appear to be spring or summer. In autumn, two-thirds of small and medium juveniles are missing 3 days after seeding, but we could not observe whether they had been eaten by predators or had just moved and recessed farther. There was no experiment in winter owing to adverse conditions for scallop seedings.Biochemical analyses confirmed the unsuitability of autumn for scallop seeding, because of very low glucide content in this season.The adenylic energetic charge in the smooth part of the muscle showed that stress before seeding (aerial exposure, handling), and post-seeding behaviour (swimming, recessing) have a high energetic cost for scallops. In summer and autumn, 3 days after seeding, none of the three size batches recovered their initial vitality.