低湿地与土壤湿度的卫星遥感监测与制图

本文介绍应用陆地卫生ＴＭ图象数据监测法国莱茵河谷地土壤湿度变化，绘制１：５０，０００低湿地分布图的技术方法。对夏、秋两个时相的ＴＭ图像进行Ｋ－Ｌ变换等应用处理，获得的第３主分量集中了土壤湿度差异的信息。把两个时相的第３主人量精确配准后，以Ｈｙｐｅｒｂｏｘｅｓ分类器进行湿度分类，分出水体、恒湿地、夏秋季潮湿地、冬春季潮湿地、恒干地等５个湿度类别。经实地检验准确可信，表明此方法适合于土壤湿度变化监测与     

2013年7月18～19日昆明大暴雨过程的诊断分析

2013年7月18日20:00～19日08:00,云南省昆明市12 h内区域站共出现44站暴雨以上量级的降水,针对这次强降水过程,从高空形势场、物理量场、卫星云图、天气雷达等资料进行综合分析.结果表明,500 hPa青藏高压和西太平洋副热带高压之间的辐合区是此次强降水的主要影响系统;昆明上空有两股水汽输送,且水汽通量散度对流层中低层辐合中高层辐散,水汽输送条件较好,水汽充沛;昆明上空强降水时段内对流层中低层为正涡度,中高层为负涡度,大气处于不稳定状态,为对流的发展、持续提供了有利的动力条件;昆明上空中尺度对流云团的合并发展,同时在发展过程中位置少动是造成这次大暴雨天气的主要原因之一;此次降水回波属于混合型降水回波,在大片层状云回波中夹杂一些积云强雨团;此次昆明地区的大暴雨天气,与逆风区持续时间密切相关.     

基于BP神经网络的西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度预测

柔鱼是具有巨大开发潜力的重要经济头足类种类,广泛分布在太平洋海域。柔鱼是短生命周期种类,其生活史过程与栖息地的海洋环境条件有重要关联,海洋环境因子的时空分布与变化显著影响着柔鱼资源的分布范围和资源密度。本文基于监督式学习算法的BP神经网络模型,综合多源卫星遥感观测获取得到的海表温度（Sea surface temperature;SST）、叶绿素a浓度（Chlorophyll-a concentration;Chl-a）、海表面高度距平（Sea surface height anomaly;SSHA）、海水质量变化和地转流等海洋环境因子,对西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度的时空分布进行了模拟和预测。以上海海洋大学中国远洋渔业数据中心2004~2017年的西北太平洋海域的柔鱼历史渔业捕捞数据为参考值,对基于多源卫星遥感观测的多海洋环境因子的柔鱼资源丰度的模拟和预测结果进行了精度评定。结果表明,与仅采用SST、Chl-a和SSHA等进行柔鱼资源丰度时空分布预测的传统方案相比,进一步加入海水质量变化和地转流后,可有效提高利用BP神经网络对西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度进行模拟和预测的精度：改进方法模拟的标准差（Standard deviation; STD）和均方根误差（Root mean square error; RMSE）均提高了22%;且预测的STD提高了31%,RMSE减少了26%。     

Estimating aboveground biomass in forest and oil palm plantation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo using ALOS PALSAR data

Conversion of tropical forests to oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia has resulted in large-scale environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity and significant carbon emissions. For both countries to participate in the United Nation’s REDD (Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) mechanism, assessment of forest carbon stocks, including the estimated loss in carbon from conversion to plantation, is needed. In this study, we use a combination of field and remote sensing data to quantify both the magnitude and the geographical distribution of carbon stock in forests and timber plantations, in Sabah, Malaysia, which has been the site of significant expansion of oil palm cultivation over the last two decades. Forest structure data from 129 ha of research and inventory plots were used at different spatial scales to discriminate forest biomass across degradation levels. Field data was integrated with ALOS PALSAR (Advanced Land-Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery to both discriminate oil palm plantation from forest stands, with an accuracy of 97.0% (κ = 0.64) and predict AGB using regression analysis of HV-polarized PALSAR data (R² = 0.63, p < .001). Direct estimation of AGB from simple regression models was sensitive to both environmental conditions and forest structure. Precipitation effect on the backscatter data changed the HV prediction of AGB significantly (R² = 0.21, p < .001), and scattering from large leaves of mature palm trees significantly impeded the use of a single HV-based model for predicting AGB in palm oil plantations. Multi-temporal SAR data and algorithms based on forest types are suggested to improve the ability of a sensor similar to ALOS PALSAR for accurately mapping and monitoring forest biomass, now that the ALOS PALSAR sensor is no longer operational.     

Estimation of area burned by forest fires in Mediterranean countries: A remote sensing data mining perspective

Forest fires throughout the world result in tree mortality that can cause substantial timber and carbon losses. There is a critical need to map the areas burned by such fires to guide forest management decisions. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery provides inexpensive and frequent coverage over large areas, facilitating forest health monitoring. In this study a MODIS post-fire image at a spatial resolution of 250 m serves as the starting point of an image mining based method. It involves three algorithms: modeling as a sum of Gaussian functions, kernel based smoothing, and adaptive thresholding. Adaptive thresholding serves as the reference to be compared to the image mining based method. Three spectral indices specifically designed for burned area identification have been used: the Burned Area Index (BAI), the Burned Area Index adapted to MODIS bands (BAIM), and the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR). The κ statistic is applied to quantify the accuracy of the burned areas estimations by relating the estimated area with burned area perimeters measured on the ground by Global Positioning System (GPS). In addition, the κ statistic allows us to identify both the optimal spectral index and the optimal algorithms’ parameters. In this work, an accurate estimation (κ > 0.8) of areas burned by forest fires in Mediterranean countries is achieved, in particular if the BAIM index is used. The accuracy of these estimates is compared with the accuracy obtained by using the reference method by a McNemar’s test. Results show that our image mining based method allows a higher accuracy (the average increase of κ equals to 16%) than the reference method. We conclude that this method adequately maps burned areas, and that it may help management agencies to better understand of landscape-scale burn patterns.     

从烟草上分离的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

本研究从具有典型曲叶病症状的广西靖西烟草病植株上分离到病毒分离物JX-2,全基因组序列测定结果表明,JX-2DNA．A全长2738个核苷酸,共编码6个开放阅读框架（openreadingframes,ORFs）,其中病毒链编码AV1（CP）和AV2两个ORFs,互补链编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4共4个ORFs。BLAST结果表明,JX-2DNA—A与中国番茄曲叶病毒（Tomato leaf curl Chinavirus,ToLCCNV）各分离物的相似性在93．0％-99．7％之间,其中与ToLCCNV广西番茄分离物ToLCCNV．G32的相似性最高,达99．7％,而与其它双生病毒的同源性均在88．0％以下,表明Jx-2是ToLCCNV的一个分离物。基于Jx-2和已报道的双生病毒属代表种DNA-A全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化树显示,JX-2与ToLCCNV-G32分离物的亲缘关系最近,并与ToLCCNV其它分离物形成一个分支,而与其它10种双生病毒的亲缘关系均相对较远。利用双生病毒卫星DNAβ的特异性引物β01／β02在Jx-2样品中扩增到DNAβ分子（JX-2β）,全长为1341个核苷酸,其互补链编码1个ORF（即βC1）,并包含一个富含A序列和一个卫星病毒保守序列。序列分析表明,JX-2β与ToLCCNV伴随的DNAβ的相似性在91．0％～96．1％之间,其中与ToLCCNV-G61DNAβ和ToLCCNV—G18DNAβ的相似性最高（96．1％）,与其它卫星DNAβ的相似性均低于61．8％。基于JX-2β全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化关系树显示,JX-29与ToLCCNVG61分离物伴随的DNAβ亲缘关系最近,并形成一个独立的分支,再与ToLCCNV其余两个分离物伴随的DNAβ形成一个较大的分支。这是首次报道从烟草中分离到的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其伴随卫星DNA分子的全基因组结构特征。     

藏西北高原郭扎错湖泊面积变化与气候响应分析

高原内陆湖泊以其对气候变化敏感的指示作用,常用于分析区域气候变化趋势,为气候预报预测、生态气象服务等提供科学的数据支持。笔者基于1975年郭扎错地形图、1992—2018年TM/ETM+和GF1-WFV等卫星遥感影像资料,对郭扎错湖泊信息进行提取,并分析该湖近40年时空异质性以及面积变化与气候响应之间的关系,主要得出以下结论：（1）40年来郭扎错湖泊面积波动式萎缩,萎缩了3.22 km²,萎缩率为1.30%,其中2006—2019年间萎缩最为明显,从空间上来看主要变化区域在甜水河和崇测河入湖口处;（2）湖泊面积和年平均气温变化综合反映出20世纪90年代以前该区域气候趋势表现为暖湿化,随后趋于暖干化;（3）年平均气温是湖泊萎缩的主要影响因素,年平均降水量滞后性影响冰川,从而间接作用于湖泊面积变化,年平均蒸发量对湖泊面积剧变响应较为明显。     

基于高分六号卫星的植被生态景观监测分析

随着国产高分卫星对地观测系统的建立和完善,精细化生态遥感监测分析需求已提上议事日程。笔者以新疆维吾尔自治区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和静县为例,利用GIS和遥感技术对高分6号卫星数据进行归一化植被指数(NDVI)反演,生成植被指数覆盖度等级,结合土地利用类型,对研究区植被生态景观现状进行分析评价;并且用DEM数据提取高程、坡度2个主要的地形因子对NDVI值的空间分布进行了相关分析。结果显示：（1）和静县植被覆盖度等级分布都具有明显的空间异质性,总体而言,以中度和较低覆盖植被为主;（2）和静县植被指数在低海拔与高海拔地区较低,在中海拔地区(2500~3200 m)植被指数达到最大,最大值为0.48;（3）坡度对植被影响较大。在10°左右,植被长势较好,植被指数达到最大。     

Early-age feed restriction affects viability and gene expression of satellite cells isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle of broiler chicks

Background: Muscle growth depends on the fusion of proliferate satellite cells to existing myofibers. We reported previously that 0-14 day intermittent feeding led to persistent retardation in myofiber hypertrophy. However, how satellite cells respond to such nutritional insult has not been adequately elucidated. Results: One-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to control (Con, ad libitum feeding), intermittent feeding (IF, feed provided on alternate days) and re-feeding (RF, 2 days ad libitum feeding after 12 days of intermittent feeding) groups. Chickens were killed on Day 15 and satellite cells were isolated. When cultured, satellite cells from the IF group demonstrated significant retardation in proliferation and differentiation potential, while RF partly restored the proliferation rate and differentiation potential of the satellite cells. Significant up-regulation of insulin like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) (P<0.05) and thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) (P<0.05), and down-regulation of growth hormone receptor (GHR) (P<0.01) and IGF-I (P<0.01) mRNA expression was observed in freshly isolated IF satellite cells when compared with Con cells. In RF cells, the mRNA expression of IGF-I was higher (P<0.05) and of TRα was lower (P<0.01) than in IF cells, suggesting that RF restored the mRNA expression of TRα and IGF-I, but not of GHR and IGF-IR. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio tended to increase in the IF group, which was reversed in the RF group (P<0.05), indicating that RF reduced the pro-apoptotic influence of IF. Moreover, no significant effect of T 3 was detected on cell survival in IF cells compared with Con (P<0.001) or RF (P<0.05) cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that early-age feed restriction inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, induces changes in mRNA expression of the GH/IGF-I and thyroid hormone receptors in satellite cells, as well as blunted sensitivity of satellite cells to T3 , and that RF partially reverses these effects. Thus, a moderate nutritional strategy for feed restriction should be chosen in early chick rearing systems.     

新疆红花随体染色体及25S rDNA位点分析

利用荧光原位杂交技术研究我国新疆红花25S rDNA在染色体上的位点数目,同时分析了其随体染色体数目。研究结果显示：新疆红花有2对随体染色体;4对染色体存在25S rDNA位点,其中3对染色体上的杂交信号较强,可稳定检出,有时还可检测到1对染色体上较弱的杂交信号。与国外红花品种相比,新疆红花rDNA位点数目多,表明新疆红花与国外红花品种间核仁组织区结构存在较大差异。这些结果将为研究红花染色体进化及其准确的核型分析提供一定的参考。