(−)-Loliolide Isolated from Sargassum horneri Abate UVB-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Subside ECM Degradation

Ultraviolet (UV) B exposure is a prominent cause of skin aging and a contemporary subject of interest. The effects are progressing through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that alter cell signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses. The present study evaluates the protective effects of (7aR)-6-hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-1-benzofuran-2-one (HTT) isolated from the edible brown algae Sargassum horneri against UVB protective effects in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). HTT treatment dose-dependently suppressed intracellular ROS generation in HDFs with an IC₅₀ of 62.43 ± 3.22 µM. HTT abated UVB-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and apoptotic body formation. Furthermore, UVB-induced activation of key nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling proteins were suppressed in HTT treated cells while downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, 6, 8, 33 and tumor necrosis factor-α). Moreover, HTT treatment downregulated matrix metalloproteinase1, 2, 3, 8, 9 and 13 that was further confirmed by the inhibition of collagenase and elastase activity. The evidence implies that HTT delivers protective effects against premature skin aging caused by UVB exposure via suppressing inflammatory responses and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Extensive research in this regard will raise perspectives for using HTT as an ingredient in UV protective ointments.     

超声辅助乙醇提取铜藻中岩藻黄素的工艺研究

对超声辅助有机溶剂法提取鲜铜藻Sargassum horneri中岩藻黄素的提取工艺进行研究。采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测岩藻黄素含量,以单因素实验考察了提取溶剂、乙醇浓度、超声时间、料液比、提取温度和提取次数对岩藻黄素提取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化得到最佳工艺。提取的最佳工艺为：乙醇浓度90%,超声时间18 min,料液比1 g∶5 mL,提取温度45℃,提取2次。此条件下岩藻黄素提取率达到0.292 5 mg/g鲜重（1.460 3 mg/g干重）。鲜铜藻中岩藻黄素的含量十分丰富,超声辅助乙醇提取岩藻黄素提取效率高、方便快捷。     

羊栖菜生物炭对镉污染土壤性质及镉形态的影响

为了研究生物炭对实际镉(Cd)污染土壤理化性质和Cd化学形态的影响,首先以海洋生物质(羊栖菜)、农林废弃物(水稻秸秆、山核桃壳)为原料制备了三种生物炭,并比较了三种生物炭对水溶液中Cd的吸附效果,从而优选出对Cd吸附最佳的生物炭。通过在Cd污染的土壤中施用不同用量的优选生物炭,测定污染土壤基本理化性质和Cd化学形态的变化,初步探讨了生物炭对实际Cd污染土壤理化性质和土壤Cd污染的钝化效果。结果表明,三种生物炭中羊栖菜炭对重金属Cd的吸附效果最佳。污染土壤添加羊栖菜炭后可以明显提高污染土壤p H、有效磷、速效钾、全氮和有机质,且随添加量增加而幅度增大。不同量的羊栖菜炭的施入均有效降低了污染土壤有效态Cd含量,使得土壤重金属Cd由交换态向碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态转化。综上所述,羊栖菜炭显著降低了土壤重金属Cd的生物有效性和生态毒性,从而显著降低重金属Cd的危害。     

青苔和大叶藻对刺参生长性能及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究青苔和大叶藻对刺参生长性能及免疫指标的影响。试验选取720头平均质量为0.35 g的刺参,随机分为3个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复80头刺参。以青苔、大叶藻和海带为主要藻类蛋白质源,分别制成3种不同配合饲料饲喂刺参,海带组为对照组,青苔组及大叶藻组为试验组。试验期8周。通过评估刺参的生长性能、体壁营养成分、消化酶活性及非特异性免疫指标评价青苔和大叶藻对刺参健康生长的影响。结果表明:青苔组和大叶藻组增重率较对照组分别增加了29.15%和24.13%,饲料系数较对照组降低了10.39%和15.58%,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05);青苔组和大叶藻组刺参脏壁比、肠重比显著低于对照组(P0.05),体壁水分含量显著高与对照组(P0.05);大叶藻组体壁粗灰分含量显著高于青苔组和对照组(P0.05);青苔组和大叶藻组刺参肠道淀粉酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05);青苔组体腔液谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组和大叶藻组(P0.05),过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均高于对照组和大叶藻组,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05);大叶藻组体腔液碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),与青苔组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,青苔和大叶藻作为饲料原料应用于刺参饲料中是可行的;以生长性能指标为基础,结合抗氧化及非特异性免疫指标,刺参生长效果为青苔组大叶藻组海带组。     

Biological Properties of Fucoxanthin in Oil Recovered from Two Brown Seaweeds Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

The bioactive materials in brown seaweeds hold great interest for developing new drugs and healthy foods. The oil content in brown seaweeds (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum horneri) was extracted by using environmentally friendly supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) with ethanol as a co-solvent in a semi-batch flow extraction process and compared the results with a conventional extraction process using hexane, ethanol, and acetone mixed with methanol (1:1, v/v). The SC-CO₂ method was used at a temperature of 45 °C and pressure of 250 bar. The flow rate of CO₂ (27 g/min) was constant for the entire extraction period of 2 h. The obtained oil from the brown seaweeds was analyzed to determine their valuable compounds such as fatty acids, phenolic compounds, fucoxanthin and biological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertension effects. The amounts of fucoxanthin extracted from the SC-CO₂ oils of S. japonica and S. horneri were 0.41 ± 0.05 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mg/g, respectively. High antihypertensive activity was detected when using mixed acetone and methanol, whereas the phenolic content and antioxidant property were higher in the oil extracted by SC-CO₂. The acetone–methanol mix extracts exhibited better antimicrobial activities than those obtained by other means. Thus, the SC-CO₂ extraction process appears to be a good method for obtaining valuable compounds from both brown seaweeds, and showed stronger biological activity than that obtained by the conventional extraction process.     

Valorization of Sargassum muticum Biomass According to the Biorefinery Concept

The biorefinery concept integrates processes and technologies for an efficient biomass conversion using all components of a feedstock. Sargassum muticum is an invasive brown algae which could be regarded as a renewable resource susceptible of individual valorization of the constituent fractions into high added-value compounds. Microwave drying technology can be proposed before conventional ethanol extraction of algal biomass, and supercritical fluid extraction with CO₂ was useful to extract fucoxanthin and for the fractionation of crude ethanol extracts. Hydrothermal processing is proposed to fractionate the algal biomass and to solubilize the fucoidan and phlorotannin fractions. Membrane technology was proposed to concentrate these fractions and obtain salt- and arsenic-free saccharidic fractions. Based on these technologies, this study presents a multipurpose process to obtain six different products with potential applications for nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

阳光紫外辐射对铜藻的生长及荧光参数的影响

为了探讨近年来南麂列岛铜藻场衰退、消亡的原因以及更好的进行人工育苗恢复藻场,实验结合阳光紫外强度日益增加的环境问题,开展了紫外辐射对铜藻生长和光合生理影响机制的探究。实验设置3种不同阳光辐射处理:可见光(P A R)处理(400~700 nm),可见光加紫外辐射A(PA)处理(320~700 nm)和全波长辐射(PAB)处理(280~700 nm)。铜藻经过14 d阳光辐射适应培养后,其生长表现为UV-A部分(PA处理中)对铜藻的RGR促进了6.7%,且提高了藻体的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和UVACs含量;UV-B部分(PAB处理中)对藻体的RGR产生了8.98%的抑制,同时抑制了铜藻色素的合成。比较3种辐射处理的快速响应曲线(RLC),PA处理下的藻体具有最高的最大电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和光能利用率(α)。当将藻体置于太阳模拟灯下照射1 h,经PA适应的藻体其D1蛋白修复速率与损伤速率的比(r/k)比P处理的高13.02%,而经PAB适应的r/k比P处理的低17.62%,证明UV-A对铜藻具有正面效应。     

2种大型海藻养殖对水体DIC含量的影响

为了解大型海藻养殖对水体溶解无机碳(DIC)含量的影响,明确其在光照、黑暗及光暗交替条件下水体DIC含量的变化过程,将取自温州洞头近海养殖的鼠尾藻、羊栖菜在实验室内进行养殖试验,设置光照、黑暗、光暗交替处理,测定了养殖水体DIC含量,并对DIC变化速率进行了分析。结果显示：在光照条件下,鼠尾藻DIC的消耗速率比羊栖菜高(P<0.05)。在黑暗条件下,鼠尾藻DIC释放速率比羊栖菜高(P<0.05)。随着光暗交替周期的延长,鼠尾藻、羊栖菜DIC的消耗速率均是先升后降,鼠尾藻DIC消耗速率比羊栖菜高。近海海藻养殖时随着光暗环境的交替进行,将发生光合作用消耗DIC、暗呼吸释放DIC的转换。总体而言,海藻养殖最终降低了水体DIC含量,能够促进大气CO₂向海水转移,而且随养殖大型海藻的收获,形成一个“可移出的碳汇”,大力发展大型海藻养殖具有重要的碳汇生态意义。     

Effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan on growth and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon post‐larvae

The polysaccharide – fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and its antibacterial activity was screened by agar well diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 15.66 mm in 20 mg mL^?1 concentration against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fucoidan was 12 mg mL^?1 against V. parahaemolyticus. The fucoidan was then enriched with Artemia nauplii at four different concentrations such as 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L^?1 for 12 h. The enriched Artemia nauplii were fed to Penaeus monodon post‐larvae for 20 days and the growth performance was assessed. The weight gain and SGR of the control group were 0.2432 g and 15.78%, respectively. But, in experimental groups fed with fucoidan enriched Artemia nauplii, the weight gain and SGR were increased and were respectively ranged from 0.2602 to 0.3161 g and from 16.11 to 17.05%. The P. monodon post‐larvae were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for a period of 30 days showed a reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups over the control group and it was ranged between 36.97 and 89.86%. During the challenge test, the V. parahaemolyticus load was also enumerated from the infected shrimp at every 10 day intervals. In the control group, the Vibrio load showed a linear increase in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from 10th to 30th days of challenge test, whereas in the experimental groups, the Vibrio load established a declining trend with the advancement of challenged test.     

鼠尾藻池塘栽培生态观察

2009年3月～2010年7月对鼠尾藻池塘栽培生长情况进行了研究分析。试验根据池塘水环境因子（水温、光照强度、盐度和pH）及鼠尾藻的生长特性,设置了自然苗、人工苗、帘子苗生长对比试验,不同水层、不同流速栽培试验及不同光照强度对鼠尾藻生长影响的试验。结果表明,1）相同试验条件下,自然苗生长最好,帘子苗其次,人工苗生长最慢;2）不同水层栽培结果显示,40～60cm水层鼠尾藻生长最好,其次是O～20cm水层,再次80～100cm水层,150～200cm水层生长最慢,并且于5月中旬即开始衰退脱落;3）流速1m/s条件下鼠尾藻生长最快,随着流速的逐渐降低,鼠尾藻生长也逐渐变慢;4）光照强度为4000～6000lX时鼠尾藻生长良好,高于10000lX或低于3000lX则鼠尾藻生长相对较缓慢。观察发现,池塘水温在12～18℃时鼠尾藻生长最快,在9～12℃和18～24℃时生长较缓慢,24℃以上停止生长并出现腐烂脱落现象。