Dependence of Grain Weight of Spring Barley Genotypes on Traits of Individual Stems

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to evaluate relationships between some plant traits and grain weight per spike of spring barley (Hordeum vulagre L.). Field trials were conducted in 1999, 2001, and 2002 in central Poland. Data were collected on morphological traits of individual plants of two cultivars, Rasbet and Rastik. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Causal relationships studied were similar for both cultivars: grain weight per spike was determined mainly by number of grains per spike (path coefficient was 0.723 for Rasbet and 0.700 for Rastik), whereas the effect of mean kernel weight was weaker (0.487 for Rasbet and 0.510 for Rastik). The only noticeable indirect effect was that of spike length on grain weight per spike via number of grains per spike (0.490 for Rasbet and 0.468 for Rastik); all the indirect effects of shoot length on grain weight per spike were negligible. We concluded that to develop new semi-dwarf and dwarf genotypes, emphasis should be placed on increased number of grains, kernel weight, and spike length.     

DEM内插算法对区域坡长提取的影响分析——以陕北黄土丘陵区为例

利用陕北黄土丘陵区10m分辨率的高程数据,在Visual Studio平台下,实现双线性内插、反距离加权内插以及移动曲面拟合这三种DEM内插算法,进而对不同的内插DEM采用多流向算法实现坡长提取,最后对不同内插DEM提取的坡长进行空间结构分析、坡长精度分析、栅格坡长值的空间统计分析以及不同分辨率下(10m,25m,50m)不同内插算法坡长提取的比较分析。分析结果表明:(1)移动曲面拟合内插DEM生成的栅格坡长表面可正确表达各层级径流线信息,并具有与原始DEM以及坡度图相同的空间结构特征即表面的光滑连续特性,且其坡长提取精度最高,是适用于陕北黄土丘陵区域坡长提取的DEM内插算法;(2)空间统计分析表明,在实验区域内,不同内插算法在坡长值较小区域有显著性差异;(3)不同分辨率比较分析表明,在陕北黄土丘陵区域,不同分辨率对不同内插DEM坡长提取无显著性影响,且验证了分辨率越低坡长提取值越大的规律。     

Salt Tolerance of Sesame Genotypes at Germination,Vegetative, and Maturity Stages

Abstract

Salinity and moisture stress are main limiting factors of agricultural development on arid and semi‐arid lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) genotypes to salinity. Salinity treatments in rooting media were 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 7.0 dS m^?1 using calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Germination of 50 genotypes was evaluated. Twenty seeds of each cultivar were set in paper towels and moistened with the saline solutions for 15 days. Five germination‐selected genotypes were seeded in 10‐kg pots, and soil salinity was adjusted to the same treatments. Highly significant effects were found for dry matter at 45 (DM 45) days after planting (DAP), at 90 DAP (DM 90), and leaf area (LA). Growth differences among genotypes were only observed for DM 90. These data suggest that sesame tolerance to CaCl₂ salinity improved through the growing season and may be genetically controlled.     

Root Growth and Soil Water Dynamics in Relation to Inorganic and Organic Fertilization in Maize–Wheat

Agricultural productivity is increasingly becoming dependent upon soil fertility, which is generally thought to be supplemented through the application of nutrients mainly through inorganic fertilizers. The present study aims to characterize the soil physical environment in relation to long-term application of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizers in a maize–wheat cropping system. The treatments in both the maize and wheat systems included a control (without any fertilizer or FYM), FYM (farmyard manure at 20 t ha^?1), N₁₀₀ (nitrogen at 100 kg ha^?1), N₁₀₀P₅₀ (nitrogen and phosphorus at 100 and 50 kg ha^?1), and N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀ (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash at 100, 50, and 50 kg ha^?1). The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design in sandy loam soil. The root mass density in surface layers of both the crops was lower in FYM and higher in inorganic fertilizer plots. The root length density was found to be highest in FYM-treated plots and lowest in control plots. The periodic soil matric suction during wheat following maize remained highest in FYM plots followed by that in N₁₀₀ plots in all the layers. The soil water storage of wheat at harvest (rice–wheat) was highest (21.1 cm) in control and lowest (17.8 cm) in FYM-treated plots. The soil water status, root growth, and crop performance improved with balanced fertilization.     

Molybdenum Requirements of Dry Bean with and without Liming

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient for crop plants, and its deficiency has been reported in many parts of the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with the objective to determine Mo requirements of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on a Brazilian Oxisol with and without liming. The Mo treatments were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg kg^?1. In one experiment dolomitic lime was added at the rate of 2.5 g per kg of soil before the application of Mo treatments and incubated 5 weeks before sowing. In other experiments, Mo treatments were same as the lime-added experiment but no lime was added. Most of the growth, yield, and yield components were significantly increased with the addition of Mo in both the experiment. Growth, yield, and yield components were increased in a quadratic fashion when Mo was applied in the range of 0 to 20 mg kg^?1. Maximum shoot dry weight was obtained with the addition of 17 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment with Mo rates without lime and 9.69 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment of Mo rates with lime application. Maximum seed yield was obtained with the application of 10.48 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that did not receive lime along with Mo treatments and 10.28 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that received lime along with Mo treatments. Similarly, the maximum number of pods per plant was obtained with the addition of 9.33 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that did not receive lime and 8.83 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that did receive lime. Maximum root length was obtained with the addition of 12.38 Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that did not receive lime and 9.75 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that received lime. Maximum root dry weight was obtained with the addition of 11.67 mg Mo kg^?1 in the experiment that did not receive lime and 9.28 mg Mo in the experiment that received lime. Soil properties determined after harvest of dry bean plants were not influenced significantly with the addition of Mo in the Oxisol under investigation.     

Zinc-Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is very common in annual crops grown on Brazilian Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Zn-use efficiency of 20 upland rice genotypes. The Zn levels used were 0 mg kg^?1 (natural level of the soil) and 20 mg kg^?1 of soil applied with zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄). Zinc × genotype interactions were significant for grain yield, panicle number, panicle length, root dry weight, and specific root length, indicating different responses of genotypes with the variation of Zn levels and that selection for Zn-use efficiency is necessary at low as well as at high Zn rates. Based on Zn-use efficiency index, 11 genotypes were classified as efficient and nine were classified as moderately efficient. The most Zn-efficient genotypes were BRA 01596, BRA 042156, BRA 052053, BRA Primavera, and BRA 01506. The most inefficient genotypes in Zn-use efficiency were BRA 042094, BRA 052045, BRA 052034, and BRA 052023. Grain yield and most of the yield attributing characteristics have significant Zn × genotype interactions, which indicate that genotypes respond differently under different Zn levels. Thus, genotype selection is an important strategy for upland rice production in Brazilian Oxisols.     

Long-Term Organic Nutrient Management Fosters the Eubacterial Community Diversity in the Indian Semi-arid Alfisol as Revealed by Length Heterogeneity–PCR

Agricultural practices influence the community structure and functional diversity of soil microorganisms. In the present study, the impact of nutrient-management systems on the changes in the biological properties of Indian semi-arid Alfisol was assessed. The long-term organically managed (OGF) and inorganically fertilized (IGF) soils from century-old experimental plots were compared for eubacterial diversity using amplicon length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) targeting three hypervariable domains (V1, V1_V2, and V3) of 16S rRNA gene. Of these domains, V1_V2 could discriminate the bacterial communities between the soil types. The relative ratios of amplicons differed between OGF and ICF soils, and eubacterial diversity was decreased substantially because of the inorganic chemical fertilizers, as compared to organic amendments. The Bray–Curtis similarity index and diversity indices of amplicons were greater in OGF soil than in ICF soil. This polyphasic approach revealed that the diversity and functionality of the soil eubacterial community were encouraged by long-term organic manures more than inorganic chemical fertilizers.     

中国城市森林建设——在中欧城镇化与城市森林建设国际研讨会上的主题报告

中国古代虽然很早就出现了城市,但进入近代后,由于资本主义经济发展得不很充分,因此,城市的发展十分缓慢,城市化水平很低。1949年新中国建立时,全国城镇人口只占总人口的10.6%,1978年为17.9%。       

流域分布式坡长不确定性的初步分析

地形因子坡长对水土保持和土壤侵蚀有着重要的影响作用,其不确定性又制约着坡长的应用,因此坡长不确定性的研究尤为重要。以水文地貌关系正确DEM（Hc—DEM）为基础,利用LS_Tool软件计算坡长,主要从流向算法、分辨率和数据范围影响三个方面对提取的坡长不确定性进行比较分析。结果表明,不同流向算法提取的坡长结果不同,多流向算法提取的坡长更光滑、连续,更能体现地形凹凸的影响;随着分辨率的降低,坡长会发生扩张现象,使地形变得平滑;坡长的计算应以流域边界或者行政单元边界向外缓冲一定宽度为界（本实验结果为120m缓冲区）,以避免边际效应的产生。     

橡胶树气刺割胶中不同割线长度生理效应研究

以常规的乙烯利刺激割胶(S/2d4)为对照,比较分析了乙烯气刺条件下不同割线长度(S/8Ud4、S/4Ud4、S/2Ud4、3S/4Ud4)割胶对干胶产量以及与产排胶相关的各项生理指标的影响。结果表明,气刺割胶可获得比常规的乙烯利刺激割胶更好的产量效应;气刺条件下采用3S/4Ud4割制初期产量增幅明显,但第2年时产胶潜力下降,对于高产稳产胶树采用S/8Ud4割制不仅可获得持续高产且生理状况良好。