化控剂对玉米生长发育的影响

为了明确化控剂对玉米生长发育的影响,在玉米拔节期喷施不同剂量玉丰保及在玉米11片展开叶时喷施不同化控剂,并调查施药后玉米地上部鲜重、叶面积指数、株高、节间长度、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、百粒重及产量的变化情况。结果表明:在玉米11片展开叶时施用玉丰保,对增加玉米叶面积指数,控制株高,增加茎秆粗壮具有很好效果。     

Lancaster类群玉米自交系穗长的遗传研究

利用完全和不完全双列杂交材料对玉米穗长进行了杂种优势分析和遗传模型测验。结果表明:以Lancaster类群为母本的杂交组合F1代中合344优势均值最高(53.26%),一般配合力适中(0.914 1),生产上加以利用可组配出超亲中穗品种;Mo17由于本身为长穗自交系,所以优势均值适中(29.04%),但一般配合力最高(7.585 2)。通过对Lancaster类群玉米穗长的遗传模型测验可知,玉米穗长的遗传符合加性-显性模型,加性效应和显性效应真实存在,且加性效应更为重要。Mo17穗长的一般配合力最高,是最有潜力组配出中-长穗品种的亲本。     

狗牙根种质资源的根系分布特征及抗拉强度研究

为比较不同狗牙根种质资源的固土护坡能力,研究了不同狗牙根的根系分布特征及抗拉强度,结果表明:狗牙根的根系集中分布在0～10 cm土层,其根长密度和根重密度随土层深度的增加而减少,C2的根长密度和根重密度均优于C1和C3.3份狗牙根材料的平均根直径均小于1.0 mm,C2的有效根密度最大;狗牙根的根系抗拉强度均随根系直径的增加而减小,3份材料的根系最大抗拉强度的峰值均出现在根系直径小于0.4 mm径级,表明细根的固土护坡能力较粗根好,3份材料中C2的根系平均抗拉强度最大.从3份狗牙根材料中初步筛选出较适宜做护坡的狗牙根为C2.     

土壤湿度和机械长度对棉花秸秆分解率的影响

新疆棉花秸秆产量巨大,但是棉花秸秆的木质素和纤维素含量较高,不易被分解,很难作为饲料利用。本文研究了棉花秸秆在不同条件(土壤水分、棉花机械长度)处理下的分解速率。从土壤水分条件来看,棉花秸秆在50%土壤饱和含水量下的分解最为理想,其分解率在100 d后达到54.08%;从棉花秸秆粉碎程度来看,棉花秸秆粉碎越细越有利于其分解,但是3 cm处理100 d后分解率为54.12%,而1 cm处理100 d后分解率只有47.42%,说明棉花秸秆分解需要一定的孔隙度。另外,棉花秸秆分解之后对土壤肥力也有很大影响。此次试验结果可为推广大田试验提供科学依据。     

日本沿海捕鳗笼的网目选择性

1995~2000年在东京湾进行的套网法实验,结果表明:网目尺寸为21·0、18·1、15·5、13·6、11·6mm的笼网目选择率在星康吉鳗全长035·50cm、l>32·50cm、l>27·50cm、l>26·50cm、l>24·00cm时,全长选择率几乎接近于1·00,50%选择全长分别为29·80、26·80、23·00、22·00、20·00cm;选择域为3·80、4·30、3·50、3·00、3·00cm。依据AIC理论,套网和实验网的网目接近时,套网的影响显著;Single curve model所得到的主选择性曲线可更好地反映网目选择性。50%选择相对体周长MGc1·11,选择域为0·52。01·60,选择率趋向于1·00。     

Density effects on length at maturity of walleye pollock <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> off the pacific coast of northern Japan in the 1990s

To determine how stock abundance fluctuations of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma are related to variations in reproductive characteristics, the length at 50% maturity of the fish sampled off the Pacific coast of northern Japan from 1990 to 1999 was examined. In both sexes, the fish density increased, and the body length of age-3-5 fish decreased, but the condition factor and the age at 50% maturity showed no clear trend during this period. Male length at 50% maturity decreased, while value for females showed no clear trend. In both sexes, significant negative correlations were found between density index (combined age-3-5) and each body length at age-3-5. Significant positive correlations were seen between each body length at age-3-5 and length at 50% maturity in males. Positive correlation between body length at age-5 and length at 50% maturity was significant in females from 1990 to 1999, except for the samples in 1998. We suggest that the fish density might affect the length at maturity in males and possibly also in females.     

三种植被类型植物根系对崇明岛海岸带稳定性的影响

Coastal erosion is currently a major problem along the southern coast of Chongming Island, Shanghai. To enhance the erosion protection ability of coastal shelterbelts, two woody tree species, Taxodium ascendens and Salix babylonica, were planted separately into Phragmites australis + Scirpus mariqueter communities in 2006. Two years later, we investigated whether either of these experiments reduced erosion and increased stability in the native herbaceous plant community. We also examined soil stability and root length density under T. ascendens added, S. babylonica added and native herbaceous vegetation conditions along an intertidal gradient from the soil surface to a depth of 40 cm in each experiment, thus to determine the capacity of T. ascendens and S. babylonica to contribute to shoreline stabilization. Topsoil under the native vegetation had greater stability at the middle and higher intertidal zones because its soil stability index and root length density were significantly higher than in the T. ascendens or S. babylonica planted communities. The effect of T. ascendens on soil stability was not generally better than that of the native vegetation. Only at the 20-30 cm soil depth of the middle intertidal zone and in the 10-20 cm layer of the higher intertidal zone the soil stability index and root length densities under the T. ascendens added condition were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the native vegetation. The S. babylonica planted soil had greater stability in the deeper soil layer than the soil under either the native vegetation or the T. ascendens added condition, and its soil stability index and root length density were significant higher (P < 0.05) than those of other vegetation conditions at the 30-40 cm soil depth for the lower intertidal zone and at the 20-40 cm layer for middle and higher intertidal zones.     

垂直线源灌线源长度对湿润体特性的影响

垂直线源灌可将水分直接输送到果树的根系,减少土面蒸发损失,以提高水分利用效率。通过模拟试验,研究了线源长度对土壤湿润体变化特性的影响。结果表明,不同线源长度土壤表面水平湿润半径、最大水平湿润半径和垂直湿润深度均与入渗时间的平方根呈线性关系,线源长度对土壤表面水平湿润半径和最大水平湿润半径的影响不明显,土壤表面水平湿润半径与最大水平湿润半径的比值和入渗时间的平方根符合线性关系,土壤表面水平湿润半径与垂直湿润深度的比值随入渗时间的增加而增大,随线源长度的增加而减小。这些研究结果可为垂直线源灌技术参数确定提供参考。     

Evaluating grassed waterway efficiency in southeastern Iowa using WEPP

Properly calibrated, single storm event, model simulations can be valuable quantitative tools for evaluating the effectiveness of grassed waterways (GWWs) and identifying a threshold length for an effective GWW. Current specifications for GWW lengths in Iowa are lacking. The key objective of this study is to employ the well-established Water Erosion Prediction Project model (WEPP) for determining an effective (or threshold) GWW length for reducing runoff and sediment yields under a wide range of hydrologic and management conditions in an agricultural Iowa watershed, namely Clear Creek, IA. The advantage of this physically based, distributed-parameter model is its ability to replicate processes at the hillslope scale where GWW performance is mostly evaluated. Overall, 84 WEPP runs were performed for assessing (i) the effect that GWW length has on reducing runoff and sediment yields within a representative test hillslope, and (ii) the effect of the gradient of the drainage area on GWW efficiency. Results show that the GWW efficiency for all GWW lengths is governed by hydrology, expressed as Q_peak. The results suggest that the threshold length for an effective GWW is 500 m for the hydrologic conditions in this study and for a representative drainage area of approximately 27 ha. For all storm events, a threshold drainage area gradient of approximately 3% was found above which the GWW efficiency was independent of topographic steepness. The results demonstrate similar trends to other studies although the relative increases in reduction in runoff and sediment delivery differ between sites and are very much dictated by Q_peak and hydrologic soil group. The effectiveness of models to evaluate GWW efficiency for nearly saturated conditions and shallow flows is discussed.     

Responses of Root Growth to Moderate Soil Water Deficit in Wheat Seedlings

Abstract

In the field, plants show better root growth in drying soil than in wet soil. However, the root growth enhancement has not been demonstrated clearly in the laboratory. In this study, the root growth response of wheat seedlings to moderate soil water deficits was characterized quantitatively in an environment-controlled chamber. Germinated seeds of wheat were grown for 15 days in the soil with a water potential ranging from field capacity (FC) to approximately –0.08 MPa. Theleaf area decreased with reduction in soil water potential. By contrast, the root surface area increased upon reduction ofthe soil water potential to –0.04 MPa while it decreased significantly in soil with a water potential of –0.08 MPa. The increase in surface area was obvious in the roots with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 mm and larger than 0.7 mm. Root weight increased with the reduction of soil water potential to –0.04 MPa. While specific root length decreased significantly with the reduction of water potential to –0.06 MPa, the specific root surface area did not. Assimilatestransported from shoot might be used in roots to increae the surface area mainly by increasing the diameter rather than the length in response to a moderate soil water deficit in wheat seedlings. This might result from the drought tolerance mechanism of osmotic adjustment in roots.