Mitochondrial DNA variation of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum in Brazilian populations

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was partially sequenced for 164 Ancylostoma caninum individuals, originating from five different localities in Brazil, with the aim of describing the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Brazilian hookworm populations. Allelic and nucleotide diversity were moderate (overall h=0.88 and pi=0.016) and were similar among cities. There was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations sampled (approximately Phi(ST)=0.12) and a weak but nonsignificant correlation between geographical and genetic distance. This genetic structure was similar to that observed among populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, but distinct from that typically found in trichostrongylid nematode parasites of livestock. Thus, a pattern of different genetic structures among different groups of nematodes is emerging. We also observed a few individuals that had a highly divergent mtDNA sequence (almost 7% sequence divergence from the other sequences). These results in combination with data from other studies suggest that A. caninum populations worldwide consist of a mix of previously differentiated populations, or perhaps even cryptic species. This study contributes to the knowledge of genetic structure and diversity of hookworms, which in turn will be useful in developing methods for their control.     

持续风沙流胁迫对黑果枸杞叶片生理特性的影响

以民勤和永靖种源3龄黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)盆栽实生苗为试验材料,采用风洞模拟试验,在9 m·s^-1风速下每天1 h,持续4 d进行风沙流胁迫,记录胁迫过程中叶片形态变化,测定第4 d和第11 d叶片生理指标,以期探究民勤、永靖黑果枸杞对持续风沙流胁迫的生理响应机制。结果表明：持续风沙流胁迫后黑果枸杞叶片受损,出现褐色斑块,萎蔫,第11 d膜透性增大;与对照相比,胁迫后民勤叶片过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性及脯氨酸(Proline, Pro)含量增加,丙二醛(Malonaldehyde, MDA)含量在第11 d显著下降;永靖叶片CAT、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性,MDA含量增加,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)在第4 d显著下降。二者其余荧光参数变化不一。研究结果可为风沙地区黑果枸杞种植选育提供一定的理论依据。     

发动机尾气射流特性研究

利用高速摄影仪实时拍摄发动机尾气的射流运动过程,通过Im age-Pro6.3专业图像处理软件,选择气体射流顶点为研究对象,根据自由射流理论,得到发动机尾气贯穿距离、射流锥角、射流速度随射流时间变化的规律。结果表明:尾气射流分为两个阶段,射流起始段和射流主体段。当发动机转速一定时,在整个射流过程中,射流贯穿距离随射流时间的增加而增加,射流锥角基本保持不变,射流速度随射流时间的增加而减小;当发动机转速提高时,射流贯穿距离、射流速度均有所减小,而射流锥角增大。在此基础上,确定了射流贯穿距离与射流速度之间的数学模型。     

特征线法在燃气管道动态模拟中的应用

对燃气管道不稳定流进行了研究，推导了了计算管内燃气流动的特征线法和公式。特征线法从基于流体力学基本原理推导出来的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程出发，将难以求解的偏微分方程组转移为便于工程数值计算的等价差分方程组，从而解决了燃气管道中快瞬交流的计算问题。特征线法物理概念明确，数学分析严谨，计算精度高。     

不同湍流模型在轴流泵性能预测中的应用

为了评价不同湍流模型在轴流泵性能预测中的精度,该文以南水北调工程轴流泵模型作为研究对象,分别选取了3种湍流模型标准k-ε湍流模型(standard k-ε)、重正化群k-ε湍流模型(renormalization group k-ε,RNG)和雷诺应力模型(reynolds stress model,RSM),基于SIMPLE算法(semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations)和结构化网格,进行了轴流泵性能预测和全流场数值模拟,并以水利部天津同台测试的试验结果作为基准对预测扬程和效率进行了误差分析。研究结果表明,网格密度对模拟结果具有较大影响,较疏的网格导致性能预测精度降低,在大流量和小流量工况下预测的扬程和效率误差将达到3%以上;在最优工况下,Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和RSM湍流模型的扬程预测误差分别为0.97%、1.12%和1.24%,效率预测误差分别为2.93%、2.49%和2.97%,可满足工程应用要求;但在非设计工况下,由于二次回流、空化等复杂流动的存在,内部流场复杂,3种湍流模型的扬程最大预测误差范围为9.40%～14.30%,效率最大预测误差范围为4.48%～8.30%。该结论将为轴流泵性能预测的可靠性提供依据。     

Reinvestigation of the scaling law of the windblown sand launch velocity with a wind tunnel experiment

Windblown sand transport is a leading factor in the geophysical evolution of arid and semi-arid regions. The evolution speed is usually indicated by the sand transport rate that is a function of launch velocity of sand particle, whichhasbeen investigated by the experimental measurement and numerical simulation. However, the obtained results in literatures are inconsistent. Some researchers have discovered a relation between average launch velocity and wind shear velocity, while some other researchers have suggested that average launch velocity is independent of wind shear velocity. The inconsistence of launch velocity leads to a controversy in the scaling law of the sand transport rate in the windblown case. On the contrary, in subaqueous case, the scaling law of the sand transport rate has been widely accepted as a cubic function of fluid shear velocity. In order to explain the debates surrounding the windblown case and the difference between windblown and subaquatic cases, this study reinvestigates the scaling law of the vertical launch velocity of windblown transported sand particles by using a dimensional analysis in consideration of the compatibility of the characteristic time of sand particle motion and that of air flow. Then a wind tunnel experiment is conducted to confirm the revisited scaling law, where the sand particle motion pictures are recorded by a high-speed camera and then the launch velocity is solved by the particle tracking velocimetry. By incorporating the results of dimensional analysis and wind tunnel experiment, it can be concluded that, the ratio of saltonsnumber to reptonsnumberdetermines the scaling law of sand particle launch velocity and that of sand transport rate, and using this ratio is able to explain the discrepancies among the classical models of steady sand transport. Moreover, the resulting scaling law can explain the sand sieving phenomenon: a greater fraction of large grains is observed as the distance to the wind tunnel entrance becomes larger.     

猕猴桃冷库内流场的CFD模拟

以一间实际装配式猕猴桃冷库为研究对象,建立了该冷库的三维物理模型和标准k-ε湍流数学模型。应用SIMPLE算法求解微分方程,对冷库进行三维数值模拟,获取冷库内部三维温度场、速度和压力场的信息,通过分析特定截面,模拟结果与实测值大致吻合。另外,通过改变冷风机条件和货物堆放方式,模拟其温度场的变化,讨论了这些因素对冷库温度场变化的影响情况。研究表明,CFD数值模拟在猕猴桃冷库内流场设计中的应用是切实可行的。     

马齿苋多糖对雏鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖的影响

本研究在不同剂量(0、25、50mg/kg和100mg/kg)马齿苋多糖(POP)作用雏鸡后,通过流式细胞仪检测其免疫器官细胞增殖情况,并称免疫器官重,计算免疫器官指数。结果表明,随着POP剂量的增加,除50mg/kg与100mg/kgPOP剂量组法氏囊指数升高,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其他雏鸡免疫器官指数和细胞增殖指数显著升高(P0.05)。细胞增殖指数在雏鸡免疫器官内均以G1/G0期细胞为主,少量细胞为S期和G2/M期,且不同免疫器官细胞周期变化相似。这说明,POP能促进雏鸡免疫器官的生长发育和雏鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖,增强免疫功能,提高机体的免疫力。     

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明：(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。     

抗除草剂转基因油菜向杂草诸葛菜的潜在基因漂移

以抗除草剂草甘膦和草丁膦转基因油菜为父本 ,诸葛菜为母本 ,在人工授粉条件下研究抗性基因向诸葛菜的潜在基因漂移。采用荧光显微镜观察转基因油菜花粉在诸葛菜柱头上的萌发生长情况 ,并与诸葛菜自花授粉的情况进行比较。结果显示 2种转基因油菜花粉在诸葛菜柱头上的萌发生长情况类似。花粉粘合的数量比自交时显著减少 ,出现粘合延迟现象 ;花粉在柱头上不能正常萌发生长 ,有的呈现明显的畸形 ,花粉管不能穿过乳突细胞 ,更不能进入花柱和胚囊发生受精 ,这些结果表明两者的亲和性较差。授转基因油菜的花粉后诸葛菜不能结实也进一步证明了两者的亲和性较差。上述结果表明抗除草剂转基因油菜的抗性基因向诸葛菜漂移的可能性较小。