A reevaluation of alternate bearing in pistachio

Studies documenting pistachio fruiting patterns (Pistacia vera L.) conclude this species shows evidence of alternate bearing; fruit production fluctuates between an ‘on’ year of high yields and an ‘off’ year of low yields. However, alternate bearing in pistachio has never been statistically tested. We collected yields of 4288 trees over six years to test for alternate bearing in a mature orchard planted with ‘Kerman’ scions grafted onto P. integerrima rootstock – the combination planted on the bulk of the acreage in California. A majority (58%) of the trees exhibited statistically significant alternate bearing patterns. Yet 42% showed yield patterns that were indistinguishable from random fluctuations, the standard measure of alternate bearing (I) was only modest (mean I = 0.48), and I varied considerably among trees (range = 0.04–0.83). These findings support that pistachio shows alternate bearing behavior but suggest alternate bearing is less ubiquitous and fruiting patterns are more complex than previously suspected. The presence of such a diversity of yield dynamics creates considerable challenges for crop management and research.     

影响蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量的因素研究

试验研究了蔬菜在不同储存时间与储存温度、不同食用前处理和不同加工方法等条件下亚硝酸盐含量的变化,结果表明,蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量随储存时间的延长会逐渐升高,达到最大值后有所下降.不同蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量随温度的变化而不同.漂烫处理可以降低蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的含量,浸泡处理会使亚硝酸盐含量升高.蔬菜经炒熟或煮熟后亚硝酸盐含量均会降低,并且煮熟的蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量低于炒熟的蔬菜.     

食品中农药残留分析方法的研究进展

由于农药残留引发的食品中毒事件时有发生,食品安全已受到人们的广泛关注和重视。因此,加强对农药残留分析方法的研究和加大对农药残留的检测力度非常重要。对近年来食品中农药残留分析的样品处理和检测方法进行了较为全面的概述,提出了农药残留分析的发展趋势。     

化学预处理法提取榛壳棕色素条件的响应面优化

利用响应面法优化了化学预处理法提取榛壳棕色素的条件,研究了预处理的化学试剂、浓度、温度、时间、料液比五个单因素对预处理的影响;并在单因素试验的基础上,进行了响应面优化试验。优化结果表明,化学试剂预处理的最佳工艺条件为:化学试剂NaCl,浓度0.85%,温度34.2℃,时间0.98h和料液比1:3.2。在此条件下预处理榛壳,可使棕色素提取效率提高54.3%,得率达到6.1%。     

动物活体样品采集技术

动物活体样品采集是动物疫病检测、诊断的一项基础性工作,对于快速、及时地诊断和处理动物疫病有着十分重要的意义。该文简单叙述了活体动物的鼻腔、食道分泌物及粪便、生殖道样品等常用样品的采集技术,为临床应用提供依据。     

苦楝采种育苗与丰产栽培技术

根据笔者的试验研究成果和生产实践结果,较系统地介绍了苦楝的采种、育苗技术以及丰产栽培技术。     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

Interplant competition as a biasing factor in evaluating pre-treatment effects in cucumber

Evaluation of effects of different environmental conditions on plant growth may be seriously biased by interplant competition if treatment plots are not well-bordered. This is shown with an experiment where low- and high-light pre-treated cucumber plants were grown for 6 weeks in a mixture, either in a shaded or in an unshaded glasshouse compartment. In these mixed stands, the high-light pre-treated plants, compared to the low-light pre-treated plants, produced 80% more leaf area in the shaded compartment and 40% more leaf area in the unshaded compartment. However, when both pre-treatments were not mixed but grown separately, as in grower's practice, the calculated advantage of high-light pre-treatment with respect to leaf area development appeared to be only 15% (shaded) and 5% (unshaded).With an explanatory growth model, it is shown that in a mixture, the absolute difference between the components increases in time due to interplant competition, but that the percentage difference remains constant in time and therefore corresponds with the difference in initial status. Deviations from constancy of percentage difference occur in favour of types with a greater plant height or producing a greater leaf area per unit biomass than their competitors.     

作物叶片蛋白质组提取与酶切方法比较研究

蛋白质组样品制备主要涉及蛋白质的提取和酶切处理,是蛋白质组学分析的限制环节之一。为了提高作物叶片蛋白质组样品制备的效率和重复性,系统比较了6种缓冲液（pH8.5 Tris-HCl酚、pH7.0磷酸盐、pH9.0碳酸盐、尿素/硫脲、pH8.0 Tris-HCl、pH4.5醋酸盐）和TCA-丙酮处理对水稻、小麦、大豆和玉米叶片蛋白质提取的影响,同时以小麦叶片总蛋白和牛血清白蛋白为样本,比较了传统方法和微波辅助方法的酶切效率。结果表明,TCA-丙酮处理的小麦和水稻样品采用尿素/硫脲方法能获得较高的蛋白得率,而玉米和大豆样品采用尿素/硫脲直接提取时蛋白质得率更高,同时,微波辅助酶切值得用于蛋白质组样品制备。本研究采用适当的蛋白质提取和酶切方法,有效提高了蛋白质的提取率和鉴定率,可为进一步深入开展作物叶片的蛋白质组学研究提供借鉴。