盐胁迫下三角叶滨藜根系超滤特性的分析

对耐盐蔬菜三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)在盐胁迫下的蒸腾吸水量、Na+吸收和根系径向反射系数进行了测定,分析其根系超滤特性与植物耐盐性的关系。结果表明,随着盐胁迫强度的增加,三角叶滨藜的Na+吸收量逐渐增多、蒸腾吸水量和根系径向反射系数则逐渐降低;但以根外溶液盐浓度为基础的Na+相对吸收量却呈降低趋势,同时进入木质部的Na+的量也不随根的径向反射系数的减小而显著增多。说明三角叶滨藜在盐胁迫下一方面通过改变根系的超滤特性,降低根系径向反射系数来防止木质部拉力过大导致的木质部空化的危险,另一方面通过减少对盐分的吸收来避免盐分过多积累对植株的伤害。     

降雨量对洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降通量及浓度的影响

为了探究洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降规律,于2016及2017年稻季在大理洱海流域收集湿沉降样品,分析样品中总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N等指标及其变化规律。结果表明,TN、TP湿沉降通量主要受降雨量支配,2016与2017年稻季单次降水TN、TP湿沉降通量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性正相关关系。TN、TP湿沉降浓度总体上随降雨量的增大而减小,同时与是否发生连续降雨及是否大规模施肥有关。以2017稻季氮素湿沉降为例,2017年稻季NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N湿沉降对TN的占比分别为53.1%和20.6%,湿沉降以NH_4~+-N为主。可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)对TN的占比随着降雨量的增大而减小,随着连续降雨的延续而增大。2016及2017年稻季湿沉降TN质量浓度分别为0.87~4.03和0.90~6.85 mg/L,均远大于湖泊富营养化阀值,对洱海水生生态系统产生不利影响。     

长寿湖水中磷形态的季节性变化特征

为进一步了解湖泊表层水中磷形态的季节变化特征,在2009年7月（丰水期）和11月（平水期）、2010年3月（枯水期）连续监测长寿湖水中不同形态磷的含量,分析磷形态含量与水质参数之间的相关关系。结果表明,各个水期长寿湖水中的总磷（TP）都以溶解态磷（DTP）为主要存在形式,DTP在丰水期与平水期以可溶性正磷酸盐（DP）为主要存在形式,在枯水期以溶解性有机磷（DOP）为主要存在形式。总体来说,长寿湖水中TP和DTP含量呈现枯水期〉丰水期〉平水期;DP含量呈现丰水期〉平水期〉枯水期的季节变化特征。相关关系分析发现,磷形态含量与湖水的溶解氧（DO）和电导的相关性明显,与pH和高锰酸盐指数无明显的相关关系。     

模拟土遗址中可溶盐运移规律的初步探索

采用常规的定性和定量分析方法,测定了陕西师范大学土遗址模拟坑中不同位置土壤含水率、可溶盐成分及含量。结果表明,这些可溶盐主要为钙和钠的硫酸盐类,它们随着水分沿竖直方向和水平方向不断地向遗址表面运移,最后在土壤表层积累堆积;利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、环境扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和超景深三维立体显微镜(3DSDDM),分析了可溶性盐分对遗址土壤结构的破坏作用,结果表明,由于可溶性盐分在遗址表面的累积,可溶性盐分在遗址孔隙中形成了巨大内应力,使土壤颗粒之间的黏结力减小,土壤颗粒之间的距离拉大,使土体表面泛白酥解,严重时引起土颗粒的脱落和酥解。本研究为土遗址保护中盐害治理提供了依据,对保护大批濒临破坏的土遗址,推动文物保护的理论研究与实际工作均有重大意义。     

洞庭湖区农机装备结构调整研究

农业机械是农业生产的先进手段和工具,其水平是农村生产力发展水平的重要标志之一。要实现传统农业向现代农业的转变,就必须用先进的农机装备武装农业。为此,从分析洞庭湖区农机装备结构入手,论证了其调整的可行性,预测了其发展的趋势,提出了调整的指导思想、目标、内容及具体措施,对当地调整农机装备结构具有一定的指导与参考作用。     

Effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yields under monsoonal climatic conditions

Fresh water shortages are severally restricting sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity of fresh water has forced farmers to use brackish water from shallow underground sources, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields but also increases the risk of soil salinization. To identify safe and effective ways of using brackish water in this region, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield in a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system. The experiment was in a split-plot design. Six rates of straw mulching (0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) were assigned to the main plots and two irrigation water qualities (i.e. brackish water with salt content of 3.0-5.0 g/L and fresh water with only 1.27 g salt/L) were applied to subplots. The brackish water irrigation significantly increased the salt content at different soil depths in the upper 1 m soil layer during the two growing seasons. Straw mulching affected the vertical distribution of salt in the brackish water irrigation plots and the average salt content of straw mulch treatments (4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) within the 0-20, 20-40 and 0-100 cm soil depths was 10.2, 14.0 and 1.8% lower than that without straw mulch (A₀). No salt accumulation occurred to a depth of 1 m in the brackish water irrigation plots and there was no correlation between the value of SAS (salt accumulated in 1 m of soil) and straw mulch rate. In 2000 and 2001, the salt content within the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots increased due to high evaporation rates during April-June, and then decreased up to September as salts were leached by rain. For the fresh water irrigation plots, the salt content remained relatively stable. Straw mulching affected the salt content in the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots in different periods of 2000 and 2001, but no correlation between salt content and straw mulch rates was observed except in September of 2000. Unlike for wheat, the yield of maize increased as the straw mulch rate increased according to the equation, y = 0.1589x + 5.3432 (R² = 0.6506). Our results would be helpful in adopting brackish water irrigation and straw mulching in ways that enhance crop yields and reduce the risk of soil salinization. However, long-term effects of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield need to be further evaluated for sustainability of the system.     

Effect of salinity on water stress, growth, and yield of maize and sunflower

Maize and sunflower were grown in tanks filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with water of three different levels of salinity. Predawn leaf-water potential and stomatal conductance were used as parameters for water stress. The predawn leaf-water potential of maize was higher than that of sunflower, but the effect of salinity and soil texture on the predawn leaf-water potential was the same for both crops. The stomatal conductance of sunflower was much higher and more severely affected by salinity and soil texture than the stomatal conductance of maize.

Although salinity had a more serious effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, its effect on evapotranspiration and grain yield was the same for both crops. Soil texture had a stronger effect on the development of leaf area and canopy dry matter of sunflower, which also appeared in the evapotranspiration and grain yield, indicating that sunflower is more sensitive to drought than maize.     

沙引发对紫花苜蓿种子盐逆境下发芽及幼苗生理生化变化的影响

试验以紫花苜蓿品种维多利亚和金皇后种子为材料，研究了沙引发处理对高盐(0．8％NaCl)逆境下种子发芽及幼苗生理生化变化的影响。结果表明，沙引发处理能显著提高紫花苜蓿两个品种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数，缩短平均发芽时间，显著增加幼苗干重，同时提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性，减少丙二醛(MDA)的积累。说明沙引发提高了紫花苜蓿种子的活力和抗盐胁迫能力，促进了盐逆境下种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

枣树间接地下滴灌根区土壤盐分运移规律研究

通过小区试验研究了间接地下滴灌条件下密植枣树根区不同方向(水平及垂直方向)、不同土层盐分质量比的变化特征,及导水装置直径(50、75、90 mm)和灌水量(9、13、17 L/(棵·次))对枣树根区土壤盐分运移的影响。结果表明:经过一段时间后,垂直方向10~40 cm土层盐分质量比较低,0~10 cm土层盐分质量比最高;水平方向10~50 cm各土层盐分质量比随与出水口水平距离的增加而增大。在单次灌水后导水装置直径一定时各土层脱盐率随灌水量的增加而增大。当灌水量一定时,10~40 cm土层脱盐率随导水装置直径的增加呈减小的趋势,0~10 cm、40~50 cm脱盐率随导水装置直径增大呈低-高-低的趋势。在7—9月份,当导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13、17 L/(棵·次)时,0~50 cm土层土壤平均盐分质量比均较低而且变化幅度较小。综合考虑节水、抑盐效果,确定导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13 L/(棵·次)为适宜的间接地下滴灌灌溉模式。     

微咸水灌溉与土壤水盐调控研究进展

随着淡水资源短缺的日益加剧,合理开发利用微咸水已成为缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要途径之一。由于微咸水中含有大量盐分,用其灌溉必然增加土壤盐分,影响作物生长和土地质量。因此,采取有效措施调控土壤水盐状况成为微咸水安全利用的基础。本文较详细地回顾了微咸水灌溉条件下土壤水盐运移特征、微咸水入渗模型和水盐运移模型、微咸水灌溉方法、微咸水灌溉对作物生长的影响、土壤水盐调控方法等方面的研究进展,并结合目前研究中关注的核心问题,提出了微咸水安全利用方面需要重点研究的科学和技术问题,为进一步研究微咸水灌溉对土壤和作物生长的影响和其内在机制,以及构建合理利用微咸水灌溉模式提供参考。