Salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness of native xeroriparian plants in semi-arid western USA

Restoration of salt-affected soils is a global concern. In the western United States, restoration of salinized land, particularly in river valleys, often involves control of Tamarix, an introduced species with high salinity tolerance. Revegetation of hydrologically disconnected floodplains and terraces after Tamarix removal is often difficult because of limited knowledge regarding the salinity tolerance of candidate native species for revegetation. Additionally, Tamarix appears to be non-mycorrhizal. Extended occupation of Tamarix may deplete arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, further decreasing the success of revegetation efforts. To address these issues, we screened 42 species, races, or ecotypes native to southwestern U.S. for salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness. As expected, the taxa tested showed a wide range of responses to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi. This variation also occurred between ecotypes or races of the same species, indicating that seed collected from high-salinity reference systems is likely better adapted to harsh conditions than seed originating from less saline environments. All species tested had a positive or neutral response to mycorrhizal inoculation. We found no clear evidence that mycorrhizae increased salinity tolerance, but some species were so dependent on mycorrhizal fungi that they grew poorly at all salinity levels in pasteurized soil.     

吉林省西部新开稻田要走环境友好型发展之路

针对吉林省增产50亿kg商品粮的战略任务而进行的西部水田大开发的实际,提出了西部新开稻田生产技术要走环境友好型可持续发展之路,对其可行性进行了论证;同时,对新开水田在发展有机水稻过程中存在的不利因素和趋弊措施进行了阐述。     

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514的盐度和pH生长范围研究

[目的]研究嗜热厌氧杆菌X514的盐度及pH生长范围。[方法]设置不同Nacl浓度梯度及pH范围,分别将X514在不同盐度及起始pH培养基中培养,测定不同时段下X514的生长情况。[结果]X514的最适生长盐度为0 g/L,最适生长pH范围为pH 7~9。[结论]X514的生长受盐度影响明显,其最适生长pH范围与其他嗜热厌氧菌相似。     

杨树MYB基因应答非生物胁迫的表达特性

MYB转录因子以其含有的保守MYB结构域为特征,是植物转录因子中数量最多的家族之一,广泛参与植物生长发育和代谢的调节。利用生物信息学分析获得222条杨树MYB基因,用实时定量PCR筛选出8条对盐胁迫有强烈应答的基因,研究其在盐、干旱、ABA等非生物胁迫下的表达模式;结果表明:这8条MYB基因虽然在杨树根、茎、叶组织中均有表达,但是在不同胁迫条件和不同组织中的表达水平明显不同。在盐和干旱胁迫条件下,8个基因在根、茎、叶中均被诱导表达,表现为相似的表达模式。在ABA处理条件下,而多数基因无明显应答。说明杨树MYB基因在应答环境变化与激素调节中具有不同的作用,并且在不同组织中的作用有所差异。     

盐度波动和中草药制剂对脊尾白虾存活·生长和免疫的影响

[目的]为大规模脊尾白虾的养殖提供理论基础。[方法]研究了盐度波动幅度（S0、S3、S6和S9分别代表盐度波动幅度为0、3、6和9）和中草药制剂（0、1%、2%和4%）对脊尾白虾存活、生长和免疫的影响,试验周期60 d。[结果]1%中草药和S6盐度波动处理组脊尾白虾的特定生长率、饲料转换效率和超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于其他处理,且显著高于同一中草药添加水平的S0,S3和S9盐度波动处理组。回归分析结果表明,在S0、S3和S6 3个盐度波动水平,随盐度波动幅度增加,饲料中的中草药制剂的最适添加量呈下降趋势,分别为2.74%、1.77%和0.51%;在4个中草药制剂添加水平,随饲料中的中草药制剂添加量增加,脊尾白虾生长的最适盐度波动幅度呈下降趋势,分别为5.26、4.95、3.54和1.97。[结论]盐度、中草药制剂及其相互作用对脊尾白虾的存活、生长和免疫均有显著影响,因此在养殖时应加以注意。     

宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征研究

为探明龟裂碱土的基本盐分状况,并建立在滴灌利用条件下基于电导率的土壤主要盐分性质的预测模型,本文在野外调查、取样和化学分析的基础上,利用经典统计分析方法,对我国宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征进行了研究.结果表明,龟裂碱土剖面内盐分含量总体呈现“表聚”现象,主要盐分离子含量随深度增加逐渐降低.Cl-和Na+是该土壤中最主要的阴阳离子,且在上层土壤中表现尤为突出,HCO3+含量在100 cm以下的土层中逐渐增加.表层土壤钠吸附比(SAR)值较大,均在15(mmol/L)0.5以上,pH值在8.5～10之间.Na+与Cl-的相关性最强,相关性系数为0.902 (P＜0.01),Na+与SO42-、HCO3-的相关性次之.土壤饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)和Cl-、Na+、可溶性总盐(TSS)含量及SAR值显著正相关(P＜0.01).土壤Cl-、Na+、TSS含量及SAR可由自变量为ECe的数学回归方程来表达,且预测精度可靠,可快速、经济地模拟和预测该地区土壤Cl-、Na+、TSS含量及SAR值,为本区域滴灌精准改良利用条件下龟裂碱土的盐渍化状况评价提供参考.     

Prognosis of iron chlorosis in apple trees by floral analysis

In populations of apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) affected by iron (Fe) chlorosis, the floral analyses permit to establish relationships between the Fe concentration in flowers and the chlorophyll content in leaves at 60 and 120 days after full bloom. The relationships between both parameters were highly significant with correlation coefficients of 0.603*** and 0.872***, respectively. As from previous research with peach trees, these high correlations permitted us to predict at a very early stage, the appearance of the Fe deficiency and its intensity. In our experimental conditions, the first visual symptoms of the Fe chlorosis appear in apple leaves with floral Fe concentrations below 310 ppm in dry matter.     

EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

Interactive Effect of Soil Salinity and Water Stress on Growth and Chemical Compositions of Pistachio Nut Tree

ABSTRACT

The effects of three sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0, 1200, and 2400 mg kg^{? 1} soil) and three irrigation intervals (3, 7, and 14 d) on the growth and chemical composition of two Pistacia vera rootstocks (‘Sarakhs’ and ‘Qazvini’) were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Eight-week-old pistachio seedlings were gradually exposed to salt stress which afterward, water stress was initiated. At any irrigation interval, plant height and shoot and root dry weights of both rootstocks were reduced with increasing salinity. However, increasing irrigation intervals alleviated the adverse effects of soil salinity. A negative relationship observed between relative shoot growth and electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract (EC_e) confirmed the above findings. Under 3-d irrigation interval, the EC_e required to cause a 50% growth reduction was lower than those under 7- and/or 14-d irrigation intervals. Shoot and root chemical analyses indicated that the salinity as well as irrigation regime affected the concentration and distribution of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and chloride (Cl^?) in pistachio. The concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and C1^? ions increased with a rise in NaCl level, and was generally declined with increasing irrigation interval. Based on plant height, shoot and root dry weights and the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and C1^? in the plant tissues, at lowest irrigation intervals ‘Sarakhs’ shows a higher sensitivity to soil salinity than ‘Qazvini’, but with increasing irrigation interval, ‘Sarakhs’ and ‘Qazvini’ can be classified as resistant and sensitive to salinity, respectively.