发酵床养猪微生物降解系统调控研究

利用发酵床养猪,通过对圈舍垫料接种后的温度、湿度、各种酶活性、有机酸、无机氮、碳氮比（C/N比）各项指标的随时检测,并对发酵床进行日常管理,摸索出发酵床系统运转的规律,确定维持发酵床系统高效运转的评价指标,制定出其微生物降解系统的调控方法。     

基于单片机的太阳能热水器控制系统的研究

文章研究的内容是以STC89C52单片机为核心组成太阳能热水器的控制系统,它能对太阳能热水器进行控制,实现水位和水温的测量与控制。该系统可以改善对水位和水温的控制稳定性和可靠性,实现可视化界面的控制。     

湖南省山羊脑多头蚴的线粒体nad1和nad4基因的序列测定及种系发育分析

本研究旨在阐明脑多头蚴湖南分离株线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸( NADH)脱氢酶亚单位1基因(nad1)部分序列(pnad1)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)脱氢酶亚单位4基因(nad4)部分序列(pnad4)的遗传变异情况,并用pnad1和pnad4序列重构脑多头蚴与其它带科绦虫的种群遗传关系.利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增脑多头蚴的pnad1和pnad4,应用ClustalX 1.81程序对序列进行比对,再用Phylip3.67程序MP法和Mage4.0程序NJ法绘制种系发育树,并用Puzzle5.2程序构建最大似然树,同时利用DNAstar5.0中的Megalign程序进行同源性分析.结果显示所获得的pnad1和pnad4序列长度分别均为666和887 bp,湖南分离株与已知多头带绦虫位于同一分枝.由于脑多头蚴pnad1和pnad4序列种内相对保守,种间差异较大,故均可作为种间遗传变异研究的标记,从而为脑多头蚴的分子流行病学和其相关疾病的诊断奠定基础.     

橡实象虫等25种昆虫线粒体COⅠ基因的遗传多样性及系统进化分析

橡实象虫(Curculio arakawai)是象甲科中危害柞树种子和嫩芽的重要害虫。为探讨利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因的特定区段作为DNA条形码快速准确识别橡实象虫的可行性,克隆了3个橡实象虫线粒体COⅠ基因5'端长度约556 bp的片段(GenBank登录号:JN258957,JN258958,JN258959),并与鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目共24种昆虫的同源片段进行碱基组成多样性和系统进化分析。序列分析结果显示:橡实象虫与其它24种昆虫的COⅠ基因序列呈现丰富的遗传多样性,碱基位点的变异率为48.2%,序列平均差异为19.7%;COⅠ基因序列的AT含量(69.9%)明显高于GC含量(30.1%),存在显著的AT使用倾向性;碱基替换模式颠换大于转换,碱基替换数与物种两两遗传距离呈明显的线性关系;COⅠ基因序列的碱基变异速率较快的位点主要集中在序列中间区域的210～390 bp。基于COⅠ基因序列构建的NJ、ME和MP系统进化树均显示橡实象虫与鞘翅目象甲科(Curculionidae)昆虫的进化关系最近,聚在一起形成一个分支,鳞翅目等其它昆虫聚在一起形成另外一个分支;橡实象虫与鞘翅目象甲科Kyklioacalles属昆虫间遗传距离最小,与鳞翅目丝角蝶科Macrosoma sp.属昆虫间的遗传距离最大。根据COⅠ基因序列的多样性,能将橡实象虫明显地与其它昆虫区分开。     

Photoassimilate allocation and dynamics of hotspots in roots visualized by 14C phosphor imaging

Understanding photoassimilate allocation into the roots and the release of organic substances from the roots into the rhizosphere is an important prerequisite for characterizing the belowground C input, the spatial and temporal distribution of C, and the interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. Based on ¹⁴C phosphor imaging, we visualized the allocation of assimilates into Lolium perenne roots and estimated the life time of hotspots at the root tips. Lolium shoots were labeled in a ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere, and herbariums of roots and shoots were prepared 6 h, 2 d, and 11 d after the ¹⁴C pulse. The ¹⁴C distribution in roots and leaves revealed that pulse labeling does not yield homogeneously labeled plant material. The spatial distribution of assimilate allocation was evaluated based on the ¹⁴C specific activity expressed as digital light units (DLU mm^–2) of the imaging plates. Areas with high relative ¹⁴C activity were classified as hotspots. Strong ¹⁴C hotspots were detected mainly at the root tips already 6 h after the ¹⁴C assimilation, and they remained active for at least 2 d. Eleven days after the ¹⁴C assimilation, the hotspots at the root tips disappeared and the ¹⁴C distribution was much more even than after 6 h or after 2 d. ¹⁴C phosphor imaging proved to be a promising tool to visualize the allocation of photoassimilates into the roots and the rhizosphere and can be used to identify hotspots and their dynamics.     

Combined effects of the antibiotic sulfadiazine and liquid manure on the soil microbial‐community structure and functions

Sulfonamides are the second most used antibiotic class in veterinary medicine and applied to livestock to treat bacterial infections. Subsequently, they are spread onto agricultural soils together with the contaminated manure used as fertilizer. Both manure and antibiotics affect the soil microbial community. However, the influence of different liquid manure loads on effects of antibiotics to soil microorganisms is not well understood. Therefore, we performed a microcosm experiment for up to 32 d to clarify whether the function and structure of the soil microbial community is differently affected by interactions of manure and the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ). To this end selected concentrations of pig liquid manure (0, 20, 40, 80 g kg^–1) and SDZ (0, 10, 100 mg kg^–1) were combined. We hypothesized that incremental manure amendment might reduce the effect of SDZ in soils, due to an increasing sorption capacity of SDZ to organic compounds. Clear dose‐dependent effects of SDZ on microbial biomass and PLFA pattern were determined, and SDZ effects interacted with the liquid manure application rate. Soil microbial biomass increased with incremental liquid manure addition, whereas this effect was absent in the presence of additional SDZ. However, activities of enzymes such as urease and protease were only slightly affected and basal respiration was not affected by SDZ application, while differences mostly depended on the concentration of liquid manure. These results illustrated that the microbial biomass and structural composition react more sensitive to SDZ contamination than functional processes. Furthermore, effects disproportionally increased with incremental liquid manure addition, although extractable amounts of SDZ declined with increasing liquid manure application.     

大气CO2 浓度升高对绿豆生长及C、N 吸收的影响

研究大气CO₂ 浓度升高对绿豆生长及C、N 吸收的影响, 有助于了解未来气候变化下绿豆养分平衡的变化。利用FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment)系统在大田条件下研究了CO₂ 浓度升高对绿豆生物量及C、N 吸收的影响。结果表明: 大气CO₂ 浓度升高使绿豆叶、茎、荚、根、地上部分生物量、总生物量及根冠比增加。各发育期地上部分含N 量下降10.39%~21.06%, 含C 量增加0.41%~1.13%, C/N 增加12.23%~26.68%; 籽粒中N、C 含量及C/N 无显著变化。植株地上部分吸N 量和吸C 量分别增加1.99%~50.87%和14.43%~92.69%。未来大气CO₂ 浓度升高条件下, 绿豆将通过生物量的增加固定更多的C, 并增加对N 素的吸收, 未来的绿豆生产应考虑增加土壤的施肥水平以保证其养分供应。     

Impact of plant cell wall network on biodegradation in soil: Role of lignin composition and phenolic acids in roots from 16 maize genotypes

Residue quality is a key factor governing biodegradation and the fate of C in soil. Most investigations of relationships existing between crop residue quality and soil decomposition have been based on determining the relative proportions of soluble, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components. However, cell wall cohesion is increased by tight interconnections between polysaccharides and lignin that involve cross-linking agents (phenolic acids). The aim of this study was to determine the role of lignin composition and phenolic acids on short- to medium-term decomposition of maize roots in soil. Sixteen maize genotypes, presenting a range of chemical characteristics related to root lignin and phenolic acids, were used. The main components were characterized by Van Soest (VS) extraction and cell wall acid hydrolysis, and the non-condensed Syringyl and Guaicyl lignin monomers, esterified phenolic acids and etherified phenolic acids were determined. Maize roots were then incubated in soil under controlled conditions (15 °C, −80 kPa moisture) for 796 days. Results showed that VS extraction over-estimated the structural hemicellulose content and that VS lignin was more recalcitrant than Klason lignin. The tremendous effect of cell wall chemical characteristics was shown by marked variations (almost two-fold differences in C mineralization), between the 16 maize roots. Decomposition was controlled by soluble residue components in the short term whereas lignin and the interconnections between cell wall polymers were important in the long-term. Notably the cell wall domain rich in non-condensed lignin and esterified phenolic acids was prone to decomposition whereas the presence of etherified ferulic acids seemed to hamper cell wall decomposition.     

Modeling soil metabolic processes using isotopologue pairs of position-specific C-labeled glucose and pyruvate

Most organic carbon (C) in soils eventually turns into CO₂ after passing through microbial metabolic pathways, while providing cells with energy and biosynthetic precursors. Therefore, detailed insight into these metabolic processes may help elucidate mechanisms of soil C cycling processes. Here, we describe a modeling approach to quantify the C flux through metabolic pathways by adding 1-¹³C and 2,3-¹³C pyruvate and 1-¹³C and U-¹³C glucose as metabolic tracers to intact soil microbial communities. The model calculates, assuming steady-state conditions and glucose as the only substrate, the reaction rates through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, anaplerotic activity through pyruvate carboxylase, and various biosynthesis reactions. The model assumes a known and constant microbial proportional precursor demand, estimated from literature data. The model is parameterized with experimentally determined ratios of ¹³CO₂ production from pyruvate and glucose isotopologue pairs. Model sensitivity analysis shows that metabolic flux patterns are especially responsive to changes in experimentally determined ¹³CO₂ ratios from pyruvate and glucose. Calculated fluxes are far less sensitive to assumptions concerning microbial chemical and community composition. The calculated metabolic flux pattern for a young volcanic soil indicates significant pentose phosphate pathway activity in excess of pentose precursor demand and significant anaplerotic activity. These C flux patterns can be used to calculate C use efficiency, energy production and consumption for growth and maintenance purposes, substrate consumption, nitrogen demand, oxygen consumption, and microbial C isotope composition. The metabolic labeling and modeling methods may improve our ability to study the biochemistry and ecophysiology of intact and undisturbed soil microbial communities.