小麦抗条锈病遗传规律研究

通过对小麦育种的F1、F2育种材料的抗病性分析,结果表明:凡是用抗病品种做为亲本的组合,其F1代表现抗病的几率远较其它组合为高,在抗病亲本具有免疫的情况下,其组合大部分表现显性,且在以后世代分离出免疫植株的几率也大。F2代后代分离免疫与高抗植株的多少与亲本的抗病性有着密切的关系。亲本的免疫或抗病的能力越强,后代出现免疫植株或高抗类型的植株几率越大。     

莲藕除锈与保鲜的初步研究

以表面含锈较多的莲藕作试验材料,开展了除锈剂种类、浓度、助溶剂种类及海藻酸钠涂膜保鲜的研究。结果表明:在3种除锈剂即亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸、除锈剂A中,以除锈剂A的除锈效果最好,并且随着其浓度的增加,除锈时间减少;除锈剂A浓度在1.0%至2.5%之间,除锈时间随浓度的增加而减少,以2.5%浓度处理的效果最好;0.5%助溶剂B能显著提高1.0%除锈剂A的除锈效果;0.5%海藻酸钠涂膜的保鲜效果较好;除锈时间与藕锈的面积无关,而与藕锈的厚度有关。     

抗锈病3070、3072号柚木种源的选择

经过多年观测、重复试验,选出了对柚木锈病侵染具有很强抵抗力的3070. 3072号柚木种源,其感病指数分别为标准种源的3.5％与9.9％,病情指数分别为2.0％与9.4％,且抗病性能相当稳定。综合适应性、生长、干形、分枝特性、开花结实等7个性状,其聚合指数分别为标准种源的143％～197.5％与131.4％～186.8％,为缅甸(对照)、泰国、越南、老挝等国诸种源平均值的1.5～2.25倍,是海南省当前的优良种源。     

Genetic Models of Host–pathogen Gene Interaction Based on Inoculation of Loblolly Pine Seedlings with the Fusiform Rust Fungus

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings from 12 full-sib families obtained from a six-parent half diallel mating design were challenged in a greenhouse using two basidiospore inocula of the fusiform rust fungus (Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme) at extremely high spore density. Each basidiospore inoculum originated from a mixed gall collection of aeciospores obtained from field-infected trees. Assessments at 4.5 months after inoculation showed that rust disease levels were high for every full-sib family and were typically above 90% for most full-sib families for both inocula. However, disease (% galled) for family E by A progeny, even at 9 months post inoculation, was lower, around 75%. A genetic model for interaction of two pairs of genes was proposed to explain the observed infection levels (% galled) in this diallel based on a gene-for-gene hypothesis. The putative genotypes of host parents and virulence compositions of mixed inocula were postulated. A bulk-segregant analysis approach based on phenotype (gall vs. no gall) was used to search for dominant molecular markers associated with the potential resistance genes in the host parents. A few candidate marker polymorphisms were observed between the gall vs. no gall bulks; however, none of the candidates appropriately co-segregated with phenotype when tested across the progeny set. An alternative model involving recessive resistance controlled by a single locus was also considered, but as with the two gene model, no markers to support the appropriateness of the recessive resistance model were observed.     

SSR analysis of cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases

Cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an agronomically and economically important oilseed crop grown extensively throughout the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Rust (Puccinia arachidis) and late leaf spot (LLS, Phaseoisariopsis personata) are among the major diseases causing significant yield loss in groundnut. The development of varieties with high levels of resistance has been constrained by adaptation of disease isolates to resistance sources and incomplete resistance in resistant sources. Despite the wide range of morphological diversity observed in the cultivated groundnut gene pool, molecular marker analyses have thus far been unable to detect a parallel level of genetic diversity. However, the recent development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers presents new opportunities for molecular diversity analysis of cultivate groundnut. The current study was conducted to identify diverse disease resistant germplasm for the development of mapping populations and for their introduction into breeding programs. Twenty-three SSRs were screened across 22 groundnut genotypes with differing levels of resistance to rust and LLS. Overall, 135 alleles across 23 loci were observed in the 22 genotypes screened. Twelve of the 23 SSRs (52%) showed a high level of polymorphism, with PIC values ≥0.5. This is the first report detecting such high levels of genetic polymorphism in cultivated groundnut. Multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analyses revealed three well-separated groups of genotypes. Locus by locus AMOVA and Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA identified candidate SSR loci that may be valuable for mapping rust and LLS resistance. The molecular diversity analysis presented here provides valuable information for groundnut breeders designing strategies for incorporating and pyramiding rust and late leaf spot resistances and for molecular biologists wishing to create recombinant inbred line populations to map these traits.E.S. Mace and D.T. Phong contributed equally to this work.     

Effects of heavy metals and acid irrigation on the birch rust,Melampsoridium betulinum

Effects of simulated acid rain and heavy metals on the occurrence of Melampsoridium betulinum in naturally infected mountain-birch trees and seedlings (Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa) were studied in a subarctic area where background polution levels are low. The short term (2 years) effects of copper, nickel and sulphuric acid, and long term (8 years) effects of nitric- and sulphuric-acid deposition on birch-rust infection were determined.     

唐松草作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主问题的研究

1984年在内蒙古卓资县白石头沟野外调查中发现4种唐松草和5种禾本科杂草都发生有叶锈病。但无迹象表明该地区自然界唐松草上发生的叶锈病与小麦叶锈病有关。在室内用小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦叶锈菌的冬孢子对亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草接种,都长出了锈孢子腔和锈孢子。用三种锈孢子分别对小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦回接,都产生了夏孢子,完成了生活循环。从此得出结论:亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草是小麦、叶锈菌的转主寄主,但在室外不起作用。而田间所见唐松草上的锈病主要与杂草上的锈病有关。     

Aster albescens Rust Caused by Aecidium asterum and Its Hyperparasitic Fungus Tuberculina persicina

Aster albescens is a medicinal plant. The rust caused by Aecidium asterum is a new record in China and an important disease of A. albescens in Feng Tong-zhai national reservation area. The percentages of diseased plant and the diseased leaf reach 100 and 28% respectively when the disease is serious. The disease results in leaf spot and leaf cast. Tuberculina persicina is a natural hyperparasite of A. asterum and is firstly reported in the world. The hyperparasite attacks aecium of A. asterum and hinderes the release of aeciospores. The symptom of the rust and the morphological characteristics of A.asterum is reported. The hyperparasitism of A. asterum and the morphological characteristics of the Tuberculina persicina are also reported.     

Landraces of cowpea, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp., as potential sources of genes for unique characters in breeding

Cowpea landraces belonging to Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata cv.-gr. unguiculata and cv.-gr. sesquipedalis collected from part of the Deccan Plateau and West Coast of India were evaluated to (i) identify the diverse source(s) of variation for improved characters like pods/peduncle and seed index (ii) study the response of landraces for adaptation to drought and heat stress and (iii) understand the breeding value of a landrace in the genetic improvement of a popular cowpea cultivar. Landraces were evaluated for various morphological characters, pods/peduncle, seed index and other economically important agronomic traits, rust resistance and drought and heat tolerance in different years and environments. Landraces were found as an important source of genetic variability for pods/plant, pods/peduncle, better pod filling ability (seed index), grain yield/plant as well as drought and heat tolerance and rust resistance. Hybridization between C 152 (cv.) and DWDCC 016 (landrace) resulted in release of new variation not present in the two parents. Thus the landrace, DWDCC 016, can be utilized to improve cultivated varieties by transferring to them the economically valuable traits like pods/peduncle and seed index thereby enhancing realisation of sink potential and ultimately grain yield in a sustainable way.