植物异源单体附加系鉴定方法研究

植物异源单体附加系是利用外源基因进行品种改良和基因组研究的重要材料。综合阐明了形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记、分子标记和原位杂交技术在鉴定植物异源单体附加系中的作用,并对各种技术的优缺点进行了综合比较。     

基于SSR标记的中国绿豆种质资源遗传多样性研究

【目的】分析中国栽培绿豆种质资源的遗传多样性、亲缘关系和遗传分化,为资源的有效利用、新基因的挖掘和新品种选育奠定基础。【方法】利用40对SSR引物对18个不同地理来源（共272份种质）的绿豆群体进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】共检测到125个等位基因,平均等位基因数（NA）为3.1个,平均有效等位基因数（NE）为1.8个,平均Nei’s基因多样性（H）为0.4233,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.3497,平均期望杂合度（He）为0.4241,平均Shannon信息指数（I）为0.6754,比较发现,河北、山东和安徽是绿豆资源遗传变异较为丰富的地区;平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0.1001,种群内总近交系数（Fis）为0.6759,表明中国绿豆种质间存在一定程度地近交现象;18个参试群体整体水平上的基因流（Nm）值为0.6936,种群间遗传分化系数（Fst）为0.2649,遗传变异水平较高;基于Popgene软件的聚类结果可将272份参试个体聚为2大类,将18个参试群体分为3大类,群体间地理来源越近,亲缘关系也越近。【结论】中国绿豆种质资源遗传多样性较高;地理生态条件等对绿豆种质资源的遗传变异影响很大;群体间遗传分化较大,但同时也存在一定程度地近交现象。     

DNA分子标记技术在果树研究中的应用

该文在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,综述了DNA分子标记技术及其在果树品种鉴定、种质资源保存、果树基因标记、分子遗传图谱构建、多样性检测等方面的应用,并对其现阶段存在问题和今后的发展前景进行了分析讨论。     

分子标记在菠萝研究中的应用

介绍了分子标记技术在菠萝上的应用,主要包括种质鉴别、遗传多样性、亲缘关系、连锁图谱构建以及与优良农艺性状相关的分子标记的获得等方面的情况,并对存在的问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet（Setaria italica L.Beauv.） Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.     

Genetics of neotropical fish: from chromosomes to populations

The Neotropical freshwater fish fauna is very rich—according to the most recent catalogue 71 families and 4,475 species have been described. However, only a small amount of general information is available on the composition of Neotropical marine fishes. In Brazil, 1,298 marine species have been recorded. General analysis of available cytogenetic and population genetic data clearly indicates research has been mainly concentrated on freshwater fishes. Thus, today, cytogenetic information is available for 475 species of Characiformes, 318 species of Siluriformes, 48 species of Gymnotiformes, 199 freshwater species that do not belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, and only 109 species of marine fishes. For the species studied, only about 6% have sex chromosomes and about 5% have supernumerary or B chromosomes. A review of the cytogenetic studies shows that these data have provided valuable information about the relationships between fish groups, the occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes, the mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution, the distribution of nucleolus organizer regions, the existence supernumerary chromosomes, and the relationship between polyploidy and evolution. In relation to populations in Neotropical marine waters, the studies have shown the presence of cryptic species, which has important implications for fishery management. Different levels of genetic structuring can be found among Neotropical freshwater migratory fish species. This raises important implications for fish population genetic diversity and consequently its sustainable utilization in inland fisheries and aquaculture, specifically for conservation of ichthyo-diversity and survival.     

肉牛经济性状关联的微卫星标记研究进展

微卫星序列是以1～6个短核苷酸为基本重复单位的重复序列,呈共显性、重复性好、多态性丰富和操作简单,在基因定位与QTL分析、亲权分析、分子标记辅助选择等方面应用广泛.本文综述了与肉牛部分经济性状(生长发育性状、胴体性状、肉质性状、多胎性状和出生重)相关的微卫星标记研究进展.     

不同居群野生狗牙根材料的SSR分析

为评价新疆狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)资源的遗传多样性水平,以采自新疆不同地域的狗牙根与部分华南地区及国外的狗牙根为材料,用SSR标记开展遗传多样性研究.结果表明:20对引物共产生142个等位变异,平均每个位点7个,其中有124个等位变异显示多态性,多态位点百分率为87.86％,位点Nei's基因多样性(H)指数平均为0.4347;根据遗传一致性及遗传分化结果,106份狗牙根材料的遗传相似性系数值在0.43～1.0之间,平均0.715,居群间遗传分化系数为0.4119,表明有41.19％的变异存在于居群间,58.81％的变异存在于居群内,居群内的遗传分化大于居群间的遗传分化;根据UPGMA法聚类表明,106份供试材料相似系数为0.39时可聚为3类,材料间的遗传差异与其采集地的关系不很明显,但来自同一地区的材料较多地聚在一起,遗传背景较近,整体来看聚类结果与地理来源有一定的相关性.     

结缕草属植物耐盐性SRAP分子标记研究

本研究应用混合集群分析法,通过建立结缕草属植物耐盐性两极端类型材料DNA池对400对SRAP引物组合进行筛选,得到111对多态性引物组合,再以日本结缕草耐盐两极端材料DNA对111对具有特异带的引物组合进行进一步筛选,从中获得22对多态性引物组合,最后用群体各单株对具有耐盐特异带的引物组合进行验证,获得了7个与结缕草属植物耐盐性紧密相关的SRAP分子标记,依据扩增条带的大小分别命名为:Me9-Em4₂₆₀、Me9-Em18₇₂₀、Me13-Em18₅₀₀、Me5-Em20₁₈₀、Me14-Em7₂₂₀、Me6-Em17₆₀₀、Me2-Em18₂₆₀,以上筛选得到的SRAP分子标记将为深入开展结缕草属植物分子标记辅助育种及耐盐基因克隆奠定基础。     

基于SSR标记的苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性与群体结构分析

种质资源遗传多样性和群体结构的分析是进行复杂性状关联分析的前提条件.从140对SSR引物中筛选到16对多态性引物,对82份苜蓿(Medicago spp.)材料进行遗传多样性与群体结构分析.结果表明;16对SSR引物共检测出190个等位变异,平均11.88个;多态性比率66.67％～100％,平均为83.05％;基因多样性为0.1447～0.3637,平均为0.2577;PIC为0.0079～0.9432,平均为0.5501.群体结构分析表明,当K=5时△K最大,即82份苜蓿材料可划分为5个类群,其中75.61％的种质遗传组分相对比较单一,24.39％的种质遗传背景比较复杂.苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性丰富,群体结构的划分与种质的来源不完全相关.