西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼遗传多样性的微卫星分析

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)是重要的经济大洋性头足类,其种群结构较为复杂。本研究采用8个微卫星标记,对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼群体的遗传多样性进行了检测。8个基因座位上,共检测出172个等位基因,每个基因座位检测到10～30个等位基因不等。8个位点的平均观测等位基因数为21.500 0,平均有效等位基因数为12.074 1。各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)变化范围为0.300 0～0.775 0,期望杂合度(He)为0.484 2～0.977 0,平均观测杂合度为0.504 6,平均期望杂合度为0.873 4。8个微卫星位点的多态信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.853 6。以卡方检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,发现8个基因座位均不符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。Fst分析显示该群体无明显的遗传分化。研究结果揭示:西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼种群显示了高水平的微卫星多态性,该海域阿根廷滑柔鱼群体的遗传多态性水平在经历了近十年的密集捕捞压力后没有明显的变化,同时证明微卫星分子标记是研究该物种自然种群的有利工具。     

Genetics of neotropical fish: from chromosomes to populations

The Neotropical freshwater fish fauna is very rich—according to the most recent catalogue 71 families and 4,475 species have been described. However, only a small amount of general information is available on the composition of Neotropical marine fishes. In Brazil, 1,298 marine species have been recorded. General analysis of available cytogenetic and population genetic data clearly indicates research has been mainly concentrated on freshwater fishes. Thus, today, cytogenetic information is available for 475 species of Characiformes, 318 species of Siluriformes, 48 species of Gymnotiformes, 199 freshwater species that do not belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, and only 109 species of marine fishes. For the species studied, only about 6% have sex chromosomes and about 5% have supernumerary or B chromosomes. A review of the cytogenetic studies shows that these data have provided valuable information about the relationships between fish groups, the occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes, the mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution, the distribution of nucleolus organizer regions, the existence supernumerary chromosomes, and the relationship between polyploidy and evolution. In relation to populations in Neotropical marine waters, the studies have shown the presence of cryptic species, which has important implications for fishery management. Different levels of genetic structuring can be found among Neotropical freshwater migratory fish species. This raises important implications for fish population genetic diversity and consequently its sustainable utilization in inland fisheries and aquaculture, specifically for conservation of ichthyo-diversity and survival.     

基于微卫星亲权鉴定技术的短蛸性选择研究

为研究短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的性选择行为,本研究利用14个多态性微卫星标记,对3个母本、176个子代及17个候选父本进行亲权鉴定,对3个家系中有子代和无子代雄蛸、子代比例高和子代比例低的雄蛸的各形态参数进行t检验,并对子代比例高和子代比例低的父本与母本的遗传相似性与遗传距离进行分析。结果显示,短蛸为多雌多雄的交配模式,为真正意义的雌性混交动物;雄蛸有无子代与其形态参数无相关性;子代比例与父本的形态大小参数无关,而与父母本的遗传相似性和遗传距离有关,父母本遗传相似性越高,遗传距离越小,后代比例越高。本研究为揭示短蛸交配前后的性选择机制提供了重要线索,也为海洋头足类动物的性选择机制研究提供了基础资料。     

长江刀鲚选育群体转录组EST-SSR的分布特征分析

本研究利用MISA软件挖掘长江刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)肌肉和肝脏转录组中的微卫星标记,为刀鲚选育群体的种质资源评估和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。结果显示,从71869条Unigenes中共获得33896条重复单元长度为1~6碱基的微卫星序列;刀鲚转录组中不同类型微卫星的重复基序具有不同的分布特征,其中,单核苷酸重复、二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复为主要的微卫星重复类型,分别占总微卫星数目的34.94%、49.47%和13.34%;不同微卫星重复类型的优势重复基序亦有所不同,其中,A/T为单核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占86.25%,AC/GT为二核苷酸重复基序的为优势重复基序占75.25%,AGG/CCT为三核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占28.57%;不同微卫星重复基序核苷酸的数量和重复次数亦有所不同,重复次数伴随着重复单元中核苷酸数量的增加而呈现降低的趋势;从100对四核苷酸重复的SSR引物中筛选获得了16对多态性微卫星标记,并以此为基础,对长江刀鲚选育群体(F3)的遗传学特征进行了初步评估,结果显示,长江刀鲚选育群体F3的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和Shannon多样性指数I分别为1.7580、0.3414、0.3977和0.6278。以上结果表明,基于刀鲚转录组数据批量开发微卫星是切实可行的,所开发的多态性微卫星标记能够应用于长江刀鲚选育群体的遗传背景评估和进一步的遗传育种研究。     

利用荧光SSR分析中国糜子遗传多样性

分析糜子种质资源的遗传多样性,有助于了解糜子起源与进化,可为糜子优异种质发掘及资源高效利用提供理论基础。本研究利用15个糜子特异性荧光SSR标记检测来源于中国11个省(区)的132份糜子种质资源,检测到107个等位变异,每个位点等位变异数为2~14个,平均7个;基因多样性指数为0.0936~0.8676,平均0.5298;多态性信息含量为0.0893~0.8538,平均0.4864。采用遗传距离的聚类将试验材料分为4类,类群I来自东北春糜子区,类群II来自黄土高原春、夏糜子区,类群III来自于北方春糜子区,类群IV来自北方春糜子区和黄土高原春、夏糜子区。分析模型的遗传结构表明,中国糜子资源来自4个(东北地区、黄土高原、北方地区和西北地区)基因库,与基于遗传距离的聚类结果基本一致,均与材料的地理起源相关。糜子遗传变异丰富,主要存在于糜子材料间。该结果从分子水平上准确揭示了中国糜子的遗传多样性。     

利用微卫星标记对文蛤4个壳色花纹品系的遗传分析

利用9个微卫星位点对文蛤红壳(RS)、黑斑(BS)、细纹(TC)、暗纹(DF)4个壳色花纹品系共120个个体进行遗传差异分析。结果共检测到105个等位基因,每个位点平均观察等位基因数为11.7个,其中WG07位点等位基因数最多(21个),WG11位点最少(7个)。每个品系均具有特异等位基因类型,不同品系中相同微卫星位点的等位基因分布规律不同。4个文蛤品系的观测杂合度、期望杂合度和多态信息含量变异范围分别为0.110～1.000、0.486～0.867、0.433～0.834,均属高度多态性位点。Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检测发现,大多数位点偏离平衡状态;聚类分析表明,4个品系间存在较明显的遗传差异,TC品系与其它品系的遗传距离最大,DF品系和RS品系的遗传距离相对较小。     

Evidence for selection pressure from resistant potato genotypes but not from fungicide application within a clonal Phytophthora infestans population

Insight into pathogen population dynamics provides a key input for effective disease management of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Phytophthora infestans populations vary from genetically complex to more simple with a few clonal lineages. The presence or absence of certain strains of P. infestans may impact the efficacy of fungicides or host resistance. Current evidence indicates that genetically, the Irish populations of P. infestans are relatively simple with a few clonal lineages. In this study, P. infestans populations were genetically characterized based on samples collected at the national centre for potato breeding during the period 2012–16. The dominance of clonal lineages within this P. infestans population was confirmed and the potential selection pressure of fungicide treatment (2013–15) and host resistance (2016) on this clonal P. infestans population was then investigated. It was found that fungicide products did not notably affect the genetic structure of sampled populations relative to samples from untreated control plants. In contrast, samples taken from several resistant potato genotypes were found to be more often of the EU_13_A2 lineage than those taken from control King Edward plants or potato genotypes with low resistance ratings. Resistant potato varieties Sarpo Mira and Bionica, containing characterized R genes, were found to strongly select for EU_13_A2 strains.     

Orobanche species and population discrimination using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)

Summary Orobanche species are commonly identified using morphological characteristics. In many cases, the distinction of closely related species is difficult, and a molecular tool is more suitable to differentiate them. In this study, genomic polymorphism between morphologically distinct species was investigated through amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions. Five primers were used to study genetic variation in the morphologically distinct species O. hederae and O. amethystea, as well as the closely related species O. cernua and O. cumana. For the first two species, all the primers detected genetic polymorphism. Anchored primers allowed the identification of more specific molecular markers than non‐anchored tri‐ and tetranucleotide primers. Genetic polymorphism was investigated among three O. hederae populations using the two types of primer. One non‐anchored and two anchored primers detected intraspecific variation, which was not correlated with the geographical location of those populations. The primer (GATA)₄ detected polymorphism between five specimens each of O. cernua and O. cumana species collected from different countries, permitting these two closely related species to be clearly differentiated. This study demonstrated that ISSR markers can be highly reliable for precise identification of Orobanche species.     

SSR在鸭茅种质资源遗传多样性研究中的应用初探

本文以鸭茅基因组DNA为模板,利用小麦SSR引物对鸭茅SSR反应体系中的一些重要参数进行摸索和优化实验,建立了一套鸭茅SSR分子标记的最优化反应体系,在15μl体系中,最终浓度或量:Mg2 为2.5 mm/L、dNTP为400μmol/L、Taq酶为1.0U、引物浓度为2.0~2.5μpmol/L、模板NDA量为60~80 ng。同时成功的筛选出20对能较好的应用于鸭茅种质资源遗传多样性研究的SSR引物,可用于鸭茅SSR标记的进一步研究。