利用形态性状和SSR标记进行玉米品种的特异性鉴定

利用玉米DUS测试技术对20份玉米自交系的47个形态性状进行了调查,并进行SSR标记检测,结合这20份自交系的形态差异值和分子差异值进行品种特异性鉴定标准的分析。结果表明,根据20份自交系的差异值得出形态差异值≥2作为特异性判定的标准;根据形态差异值和分子差异值列出一个散点图,散点图表明形态差异值≥2和分子差异值≥2在判定品种的特异性上一致。因此,可以用分子标记差异值≥2作为品种特异性判定的标准,即SSR标记在两个及两个以上位点不同可以判定为不同品种。     

Phytophthora infestans populations in central,eastern and southern African countries consist of two major clonal lineages

Limited knowledge is available on Phytophthora infestans populations in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Therefore, and in response to recent severe late blight epidemics, P. infestans isolates from potato, tomato and Petunia × hybrida from eight SSA countries were characterized. Isolates were characterized with ‘old’ markers, including mating type (176 isolates), mitochondrial DNA haplotype (mtDNA) (281 isolates), glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (Gpi) (70 isolates), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with probe RG‐57 (49 isolates), and by metalaxyl sensitivity (64 isolates). Most isolates belonged to the US‐1 genotype or its variants (US‐1.10 and US‐1.11). The exceptions were genotype KE‐1 isolates (A1 mating type, mtDNA haplotype Ia, Gpi 90/100 and unique RG‐57 genotype), identified in two fields in Kenya, which are related to genotypes previously identified in Rwanda (RW‐1 and RW‐2), Ecuador and Europe. Metalaxyl‐resistant P. infestans isolates from potato were present in all the countries except Malawi, whereas all the isolates from tomato were sensitive. Genotyping of 176 isolates with seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, including locus D13 that was difficult to score, revealed 79 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in SSA. When this locus was excluded, 35 MLGs were identified. Genetic differentiation estimates between regional populations from SAA were significant when locus D13 was either excluded (P = 0·05) or included (P = 0·007), but population differentiation was only low to moderate (F_ST = 0·044 and 0·053, respectively).     

不同地理来源旱稻种质资源的遗传多样性分析

用38对SSR引物对144份不同地理来源的旱稻种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,共检测到137个等位变异,平均每对引物检测到3.6个,等位变异范围2~9。Nei基因多样性指数（He）在0.440（RM162）~0.854（RM335）之间,平均0.598。旱稻种质资源亚种间SSR多样性差异明显,籼稻的等位基因数目和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 3.5,He = 0.558）明显高于粳稻（Na = 3.2,He = 0.415）。Nei基因多样性指数以亚洲最高,非洲最低,亚洲其他（He = 0.594）>中国（He = 0.593）>南美（He = 0.545）>非洲（He = 0.512）。AMOVA分析表明,旱稻种质资源的遗传变异主要来自亚种内（占总变异的76.3％）,亚种间遗传分化极显著。系统聚类能较好地区分籼粳亚种,但不能区分地理组。旱稻种质资源丰富的遗传多样性为水稻节水抗旱品种的选育提供了条件。     

用于SSR分析的大豆DNA的快速提取

描述了一种可从大豆种子及叶片中快速提取DNA的方法，既节省时间，又可获得供上百次PCR扩增使用的DNA，并通过实验证明该方法获得的DNA可用于大豆SSR分析。     

人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代衍生群体的Rht8基因分析

【目的】四倍体小麦与节节麦杂交培育的人工合成小麦已广泛应用于国内外小麦品种改良。通过研究人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代的Rht8基因型,有助于提高分子标记育种效率,也有助于Rht8 基因型的多态性研究,并为人工合成小麦在中国小麦品种改良和分子标记育种中的应用提供依据和方法;【方法】以引自CIMMYT的人工合成小麦分别与中国四川成都平原主栽普通小麦品种杂交、回交的BC2F2:6后代群体中选育的113份优良高代系和川麦38、川麦42、川麦43和川麦47育成品种为材料,采用特异引物的PCR 扩增和改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对其Rht8基因型进行了研究;【结果】在以syn768、Syn769、Syn780和Syn786人工合成小麦为亲本的117份后代衍生群体检测材料中,Rht8基因型频率为77.78%。从每一个人工合成小麦形成的小的后代衍生群体看,Rht8基因型频率各不相同。以syn768为亲本的后代衍生群体,Rht8基因型频率最高,为96.70%;在以syn769为亲本而育成的优良高代系和川麦38、川麦42与川麦43育成品种中,Rht8基因型频率最低,为71.64%;以Syn780为亲本的后代衍生群体中,Rht8基因型频率为73.68%,分离比率约为3:1;以Syn786为亲本育成的材料只有川麦47,该品种不含有Rht8该基因;【结论】不论父本或母本的Rht8的基因型状况如何,它们所产生的杂交后代材料Rht8基因的遗传是随机的。     

粳稻品种SSR多态性检出率的分析

 用395对SSR引物测得多态性检出率：日本近缘品种（粳型）间为11.12%，日本近缘品种与意大利品种（粳型）间、与美国品种（籼型）间及与菲律宾品种（籼型）间分别为17.58%、20.80%和38.62%，显示相同粳稻生态型品种间多态性检出率低于不同生态型品种间，而相同粳稻生态型内，日本近缘品种间的多态性检出率更低。在日本近缘品种中，不同品种间多态性检出率差异较大，其变幅为3.79~15.95%。此外，不同染色体间引物的多态性检出率也存在较大差异，其中第10染色体的供试引物多态性检出率无论在不同生态型品种间或相同生态型品种间均最低。     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于高通量测序技术挖掘分子遗传标记及其在蛋鸡生产中的精准应用

高通量测序技术是研究物种复杂生物性状遗传机制的基础,随着高通量测序技术的不断优化提升,一些与生物表型性状密切相关的基因组变异被精准地挖掘出来,其中包括单核苷酸多态位点(SNP)、小片段的插入或缺失(Indel)、拷贝数变异(CNV)以及结构变异(SV)为代表的分子标记。与传统遗传标记相比较,分子遗传标记具有多态性高、遍布整个基因组、检测手段简单快捷以及成本低廉的特点。通过检测覆盖全基因组范围内的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体或群体遗传资源进行评估,能够缩短世代间隔、提高选种的准确性,进而在短期内取得较大的遗传进展。作者从高通量测序技术挖掘分子遗传标记角度入手,综述了三代测序技术发展历程和应用领域以及三代分子遗传标记检测技术在蛋鸡种业创新中的应用,并详细阐述了高通量测序技术与分子遗传标记相结合在蛋鸡群体遗传多样性及进化分类、群体遗传图谱的构建和功能基因定位、数量性状形成的遗传机制解析和质量性状形成的遗传机制解析等4个方面的精准应用,以期为蛋鸡基因组选择进入实质应用阶段提供科学依据和指导。     

分子标记在园艺植物上的应用与研究进展

分子标记是继形态学标记、细胞学标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种新的遗传标记,已广泛应用于园艺植物上.本文综述了分子标记技术在园艺植物种质资源遗传多样性评价、遗传变异检测、遗传图谱构建、分子克隆、分子标记辅助选择育种等领域上的研究进展.文中还就分子标记在园艺植物遗传育种上存在的问题进行了探讨.     

SSR标记技术在马铃薯遗传育种研究中的应用

基于PCR基础上发展起来的SSR分子标记技术具有共显性遗传、多态性高、重复性好、稳定性好、操作简单等优点,本文简述了SSR分子标记技术的基本原理与特点,重点对马铃薯SSR引物的开发及其在马铃薯品种鉴定、遗传图谱构建与数量性状基因定位、分子标记辅助选择育种的研究现状进行了分析,并对其应用前景进行了展望。