陆地棉分子标记辅助轮回选择聚合育种研究Ⅲ.对群体遗传多样性的影响

对7个陆地棉分子标记辅助轮回选择聚合育种和表型选择群体内的RAPD和SSR分子标记多态位点数及其比例，遗传离散度与杂合度，基因型种类数，不同群体间的遗传分化等进行研究。结果表明，经过两轮选择后，各群体的遗传多样性并没有损失，群体内的变异占总变异的90％以上。表型性状的变异分析结果也相类似。     

珍贵食药用菌金顶侧耳研究现状

综述了金顶侧耳的栽培，分子生物学，营养成分，化学成分，药用活性等方面的国内外研究现状，提出了今后研究的建议。     

水稻超高产育种的分子生物学研究进展

水稻超高产育种杂种优势的有效利用、目标性状的选择和评价过程。水稻超高产育种理论落后于实践，这种局面长期制约了水稻更大范围内有效利用杂种优势。本文简要地分析水稻超高产育种现状和存在的主要问题，评述了水稻超高产育种的分子生物学基础研究进展。     

High genetic diversity of Fusarium circinatum associated with the first outbreak of pitch canker on Pinus patula in South Africa

The disease known as pitch canker results from infection of Pinus species by the fungus Fusarium circinatum. This fungus also causes a serious root disease of Pinus seedlings and cuttings in forestry nurseries. Pinus radiata and P. patula are especially susceptible to the pathogen, but there are no records of pitch canker on P. patula in established plantations. To date, only planting material of this tree species in nurseries or in plantations at the time of establishment have been infected by F. circinatum. Symptoms of pitch canker have recently emerged in an established P. patula plantation in South Africa and this study sought to determine whether the symptoms were caused by F. circinatum. Isolates from cankers were identified as F. circinatum using morphology and DNA-based diagnostic markers. Microsatellite markers were then used to determine the genetic diversity of a collection of 52 isolates. The entire population included 17 genotypes representing 30 alleles, with a greater number of genotypes collected from younger (three- to six-year-old) than older (12- to 19-year-old) trees. Both mating types of F. circinatum were present, but no evidence of sexual recombination was inferred from population genetic analyses. This is the first record globally of pitch canker on P. patula trees in managed plantations. It is of significant concern to South Africa, where P. patula is the most important Pinus species utilised for plantation forestry.     

Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence,molecular basis and utilization

In plants, male sterility (MS) is a specific breeding target trait. With the advancements in agriculture, utilization of heterosis breeding in hybrid production through MS lines has become the main breeding tool of various cross‐pollinated and even self‐pollinated crops. Soybean is an essential source of oil and protein; however, the low yield is a major factor limiting its development. Soybean MS mainly comprises cytoplasmic‐nuclear MS and nuclear/genic MS (NMS/GMS), which can effectively utilize heterosis to improve soybean yield. This review outlines the recent research progress on the development of new genetically MS lines, exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of MS, identification and cloning of MS and fertility restoration genes, and the application of MS lines. We further discussed and prospected the future developmental scenario direction of the soybean MS, based on the previous studies of other crops sterility system. Moreover, this review also provides comprehensive information for better application of MS to soybean breeding programme.     

Comparative analysis of genetic effects of wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL

Wheat‐Dasypyrum villosum translocations T6V#2S·6AL and T6V#4S·6DL, carriers of Pm21 and PmV, respectively, confer high resistance to wheat powdery mildew. For better understanding of the difference in genetic effect between them, a RIL population was constructed based on the cross between “Yangmai 18” carrying T6V#2S·6AL and “Yangmai 22” carrying T6V#4S·6DL. Analysis of distribution of the translocations showed that T6V#2S·6AL is much more transmittable than T6V#4S·6DL. By comparing their effects on main agronomic traits, we firstly found that T6V#2S·6AL contributes greatly to top spikelet fecundity, but causes a decrease of 6.7%–10.5% of spike number. No stable effects of T6V#4S·6DL on agronomic traits were found, except for positive effect on plant height. Excitingly, a new recombinant, T6V#4S‐6V#2S·6AL carrying PmV, was screened and proved to have a higher transmission rate than the original translocation T6V#4S·6DL, which will greatly promote the utilization of PmV. The above conclusions of this research will provide important guidance for utilization of Pm21 and PmV more effectively, in wheat powdery mildew resistance breeding.     

通过分子标记辅助选择将耐储藏主效QTL qSS-9~(Kas)转入宁粳4号提高其种子贮藏能力

利用置换系SL36作为qSS-9位点上Kasalath等位基因的供体亲本,各方面农艺性状较好的宁粳4号作为轮回亲本,通过回交和自交,并使用4个与qSS-9紧密连锁的分子标记Y-10、Y-11、Y-14、Y-13进行基因型的检测筛选,对宁粳4号进行耐贮性的遗传改良,获得了既耐贮藏、大多农艺性状又接近于宁粳4号的较为稳定的优良新品系,克服了宁粳4号耐贮藏性差的弱点。获得的新品系种子在人工老化和自然老化条件下均表现出发芽率明显提高、丙二醛含量显著降低、TTC染色效果更明显,表明转入耐储藏主效QTL Qss-9~(Kas)的宁粳4号新品系耐贮性显著提高。     

花生芽白藜芦醇的影响因素及分子结构研究

研究种子、水质和不同取材部位对白藜芦醇含量的影响,并初步探讨花生芽内白藜芦醇的分子结构类型。采取紫外分光光度法测白藜芦醇含量,首先选择2种花生种子,一是到成熟期收获的种子,一是成熟期后延期半月收获的种子,对比二者萌发后白藜芦醇的含量;花生芽培养期间,使用纯净水和配制的营养水,对比花生芽内白藜芦醇含量的变化;生长初期,取1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 cm长的胚轴及子叶测其含量;酶解花生芽2,3,4,5 cm胚轴,检测酶解后白藜芦醇含量。结果表明,酶解后的白藜芦醇比酶解前含量增加;胚轴在3 cm时含量最高,子叶在胚轴1 cm时含量最高;水质对白藜芦醇无明显影响,而延长收获期,对白藜芦醇含量有明显影响。白藜芦醇有糖化形式存在,花生芽培养用纯净水,使用延期收获的种子,选取3cm左右到胚轴或整株,即可得到经济实效的花生芽。     

通草1号虉草及其杂种后代遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了选育出产草量高、品质好、耐盐碱性和扩展性强,能够在内蒙古盐碱湿地大面积推广应用的优良虉草新品种,以通草1号虉草(Phalaris arundinacea L. Tongcao No.1)为母本(或父本),分别与川引3号虉草(P. arundinacea L. Chuanyin No.3)、美国虉草(P. arundinacea L.)进行杂交,得到了杂种后代(F1～F3),选择14个杂交株系和4个亲本材料,采用ISSR分子标记技术分析其遗传多样性和亲缘关系;并依据遗传相似系数,运用欧氏距离-离差平方和聚类方法对18份虉草材料进行聚类分析,为虉草新品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明,采用10条引物共扩增出176个位点,其中多态性位点148个,多态性位点百分率(PPB)为84.09%,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.347 2,平均Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.228 5,平均Shannon多样性信息指数(I)为0.361 2,材料间遗传相似系数为0.602 3～0.818 2。当欧氏距离为0.57时可将18份虉草材料分为4个类群,第1类群由川引3号虉草、美国虉草和S18杂种构成;第2类群包含通草1号虉草、通辽野生虉草和S2、S17杂种构成;第3类群由6个通草1号虉草为母本(或父本)的杂交F1代构成;第4类群由4个通草1号虉草为父(母)本的杂种F2代和1个F1代构成。14份虉草杂种后代具有较丰富的遗传多样性,可作为新品种选育的基础材料。     

基于化学成分和DNA分子标记的甘草质量评价研究进展

甘草为多来源药用植物且影响品质的因素很多,需要完善的质量评价标准对甘草的质量进行评价。该研究以化学成分和DNA分子标记2个方面为切入点,从国内外现有法定标准、光谱指纹图谱、色谱指纹图谱、DNA分子标记等方面对近年来甘草质量评价的研究进行了综述,以期为建立完善的甘草质量评价准则提供参考依据。