Influence of soil water on stress–strain behaviour of a compacting soil in semi-arid Kenya

Depending on the top and subsoil textures, semi-arid soils exhibit cohesive and frictional properties that are associated with the relatively high soil strength, bulk density and penetration resistance. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge of mechanical properties of the compacting chromic luvisols in order to improve the design of tillage tools. Therefore, we applied critical state soil mechanics to study the stress–strain behaviour of the luvisols using triaxial tests under laboratory conditions. Field investigations involved random collection of undisturbed soil samples which were subjected to triaxial testing first by isotropic consolidation and compression and then triaxial shearing. Plots of deviatoric stress against axial strain were made to determine the soil shear strengths at the critical states over different soil water levels and the two soil depths of 0–20 cm for the plough and 20–40 cm for the hard pan layers, respectively. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress–axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength, cohesion (c′) and internal angle of friction (′) and hence the mechanical behaviour of the luvisols. The regression equations developed showed that c′ and ′ have quadratic relationships with soil water. The very high clay bonding strength in the subsoil (hard pan) layer resulted in high shear strength, bulk density and penetration resistance values for this soil layer. The increase in shear strength with decreasing water content affected the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships between the upper and lower plastic limits of the sandy soil. Thus, as the soil dried, the soil ceased to behave in the plastic (ductile flow) manner and thus began to break apart and crumble. The crumbling was indicative of brittle failure. The transition stage from an increase to a decrease in c′ and ′ values with soil water occurred in the soil water content range of 6–10%. Knowledge of stress–strain behaviour of compacting soils is of practical significance in the design of appropriate tillage tools for the specific soil type.     

东北土壤中产植酸酶菌株的筛选及鉴定

从黑龙江省作物根部土壤以及腐质土中筛选得到92株产植酸酶的菌株,对透明圈直径与菌落直径之比大的菌株进行复筛,结果发现26号菌的酶活力较高且稳定性较好。将其作为出发菌株,经过紫外线物理诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)化学诱变后,液态发酵培养产植酸酶的活力提高了1.97倍,且经过传代试验发现该诱变菌株的遗传性状稳定。对该菌进行初步鉴定,将该菌株归为穗霉属。     

深绿木霉紫外光诱导耐低温突变菌株的研究

通过紫外光诱变处理获得一种耐低温(10℃)的深绿木霉(Trichodermaaureoviride)突变菌株Tuv-1。该菌株在PDA培养基上连续转接培养5次,具有稳定遗传性。低温下与亲本菌株相比,Tuv-1菌丝生长速率大,对灰霉病菌的拮抗作用明显。     

中国北方番茄主要病毒种类普查及TMV、CMV株系鉴定

1990—1994年,对中国北方15省(市)番茄4种主要病毒种类进行了普查,在3761份样本中,烟草花叶病毒(TMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的检出率分别为34.5％—65.7％和11.6％—62.6％,马铃薯X病毒(PVX)和马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的检出率一般为10％—20％。与此同时,也对番茄上的TMV和CMV进行了与抗病毒育种紧密相关的株系分化研究,在333个TMV分离物中鉴定出0、1、2和1.2株系,以0和1株系为主,在绝大多数省(市)中分别占分离物的50％和30％以上;在232个CMV分离物中鉴定出轻花叶、重花叶、坏死和黄化株系,以轻花叶和重花叶株系为主,在绝大多数省(市)中分别占分离物的30％和50％以上,这一研究结果为番茄病毒病的综合防治和抗病毒育种提供了科学依据。     

聚类分析在家畜引种中的应用

本文以小尾寒羊为例，应用聚类分析的方法对三十一个生态区域的八个气候因子进行了分类研究，介绍了聚类分析在家畜引种中的应用。结果表明，这三十一个生态区域可以分为六类，凡与小尾寒羊原产地分为同一类的生态区域可以引种小尾寒羊，其他类的生态区域不宜引种小尾寒羊。     

猴丰1号新菌株的选育及其酯酶同工酶分析

采用子实体组织分离与系统筛选法,从福建猴头的变异株中选育出了定名为“猴丰1号”的新菌株。该菌株菌丝体生长势强,发菌迅速;子实休菇形大,产量高。鲜菇产量比出发株福建猴头增加69.3％,比著名的常山99菌株增加16.8％。酯酶同工酶分析显示:猴丰1号的酯酶谱型与福建猴头相似,但有1条酶带发生了变异。由此说明,它确是源于福建猴头的自然变异株。     

Genomic and Pathogenic Studies on a Glycoprotein E Variant Field Isolate of Bovine Herpesvirus 1

Glycoprotein E-negative (gE–) laboratory strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) were recently introduced as novel marker vaccines, allowing serological discrimination between vaccinated and naturally infected animals on the basis of lack or presence of antibodies against gE epitopes. The applicability of this approach is based on the genetic stability of the gE. However, mutant field variants of BHV-1 with a variable response in anti-gE ELISA have been isolated. The molecular characterization of a gE variant field isolate (Salwa strain) is presented here. By comparing the gE nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Salwa strain with those of the wild strain Jura, ten mutated bases were found in the gE strain of Salwa, six of which alter the amino acid sequence, leading to changes in five amino acids. Both strains caused respiratory disease in experimentally infected calves, but Salwa generated slightly milder signs. Both viruses were excreted in nasal and ocular discharges, and were reactivated by dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, the rather close similarities observed in the gE gene structure and pathogenicity features of the gE mutant and of the wild strain of BHV-1 confirm the genetic stability of gE. The findings indicate that the Salwa isolate is virulent, but less virulent than wild strains. Our data support the use of gE-negative marker vaccines in eradication programmes.     

茶树新品系福选9号的观察研究

为观察鉴定茶树新品系福选9号在重庆市巴南区的适应性及表现,以福鼎大白茶为对照品种,于2002-2004年进行了品比试验。结果表明,福选9号表现出如下特性:(1)春芽萌动特早,较对照提早11～13d,春茶产量较高。(2)育芽能力强,生长势旺盛,秋梢休止期较对照晚5～7d,全年生育期较对照长16～20d,平均单产高20.5%。(3)抗逆性强,耐寒性和抗旱性与对照相当,抗病虫性稍强。(4)发芽整齐度高,适宜机械化作业。(5)制绿茶品质优良,适制性强。     

野茼蒿黄脉病毒的田间寄主范围及其基因多样性特征

为明确野茼蒿黄脉病毒(Crassocephalum yellow vein virus,CraYVV)的田间寄主范围及其群体基因结构特征,分别采用克隆和测序技术对采自云南省西双版纳傣族州、红河哈尼族彝族自治州的7种杂草和2种作物进行CraYVV的分离和鉴定,并通过生物信息学软件对分离到的CraYVV进行基因组结构、重组及基因遗传结构分析。结果显示,在赛葵、龙葵、臭牡丹、水茄、豨莶、野茼蒿和一点红7种杂草以及茄子和草莓2种作物中均分离到CraYVV,共获得20条CraYVV全长序列;CraYVV所有分离物分属2个株系,将其命名为YJ株系和JH株系;JH株系具有地理隔离特征,与YJ株系存在一定的遗传距离;重组分析显示,CraYVV是由烟草曲茎病毒(tobacco curly shoot virus,TbCSV)和云南烟草曲叶病毒(tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus,TbLCYnV)重组产生;遗传结构分析显示,CraYVV中C1基因变异最显著,其次是C4基因和基因间隔区。表明CraYVV能侵染5科9种杂草和作物,具有较广的寄主范围,且菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒能够侵染草莓、CraYVV能够侵染茄子,显示来源于杂草的菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒在自然条件下能够侵染作物。     

H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的研制

以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒接种鸡胚，收取鸡胚液为抗原研制了禽流感灭活疫苗，并对制苗抗原以及疫苗的物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、免疫剂量和保护期等进行了试验。结果表明，获得了较高效价的制苗抗原．灭活前后HA分别为2^10.0-11.0和2^9.0-10.0。试制疫苗物理性状符合要求，安全性良好。试验鸡在免疫14d后血清抗体达到2^7.5，210d血清HI抗体仍维持在2^5.0左右；免疫后18d使用高致病性H5亚型禽流感病毒攻毒，获得100％的保护。分别使用0．1，0．3和0．5mL免疫鸡，发现0．3～0．5mL剂量组免疫后血清抗体达到2^7.4-8.0。疫苗在2～8℃保存540d，疫苗物理性状没有改变，免疫后血清HI抗体可以达到2^7.5。这提示研制的疫苗可以有效控制禽流感H5亚型的流行。