水稻黑条矮缩病发生流行规律、监测预警与防控关键技术

黑条矮缩病为灰飞虱传播的一种毁灭性的水稻病毒病。经2000—2005年协作攻关研究,初步探明了该病害发生流行规律、再猖獗原因与危害损失,提出了合理的防治指标、预测方法与测报调查规范;开发了“3S”监测预警技术,组建带毒率估测模型,应用于中长期预测预报;提出了以推广抗病良种、改进育秧方式、扒蘖补丛等保健栽培为基础,治秧田保大田、治虫防病的药剂防治为重点的防治新策略;初步形成适合于长江下游稻区特点的水稻黑条矮缩病综合防治的技术体系,生产上大面积推广应用,有效地控制了水稻黑条矮缩病发生危害,取得了显著的社会经济效益。     

Susceptibility of several Japanese plum cultivars to pests and diseases in a newly established organic orchard

The susceptibility of 14 Japanese plum cultivars to an aphid pest and three fungal diseases was analysed during 2007 and 2008 in two experimental orchards, one in organic and the other in conventional management. There was a significantly higher incidence of green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] for most of the cultivars in the organically managed treatment. ‘Fortune’, ‘Primetime’, ‘Larry Ann’ and ‘Sapphire’ were the cultivars most affected, and ‘Souvenir’ suffered the lowest attack in both treatments. Shot hole disease (Wilsonomyces carpophilus) affected both orchards at low levels, and only two cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Larry Ann’, suffered a moderate attack. Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) incidence was significantly higher in the conventionally managed orchard and only the ‘Red Beaut’ cultivar was affected. Rust disease (Tranzschelia spp.) incidence was significantly higher in the organic treatment. The cultivars in which the rust disease appeared earliest and reached the highest levels were ‘Showtime’, ‘Santa Rosa’, ‘Friar’, and ‘Larry Ann’. An intense rust infestation in leaves provoked a premature defoliation in the organic plot, indicating that proper control of this disease is important to maintain tree vigour and yield.     

An online operational alert system for the early detection of shrimp epidemics at the regional level based on real-time production

Diseases are among the greatest threats affecting the sustainability of shrimp aquaculture. In Ecuador, diseases of cultured shrimp have been quickly transmitted from one region to another. Therefore, an early detection system of impending epidemics could serve as an important management tool for the aquaculture sector. We developed a system for the early detection of shrimp epidemics for the largest shrimp zone of Ecuador based on production surveillance. The system, called Epidemiological Alert System and Aquaculture Management (SAEMA), uses a geographical information system (GIS) with an imaginary grid cartography (12,860 ha per grid) dividing the study area. A production and management index is calculated with the harvest data of each pond. A standardized deviation around the historical averages and an alert level is calculated per grid and month. Normal conditions of production and therefore the absence of disease are depicted in green and yellow. While, orange and red colours express a disease warning manifested through suboptimal production levels. As a result, a map of the study area with grid divisions is displayed, with a specific alert colour for each grid where information is available. SAEMA was developed as a Web application (http://www.saema.espol.edu.ec) that enables producers to record data via a worksheet format using any web browser. Instantaneously, the applications perform a calculation of the alert index and provide feedback to the alert levels displayed in an interactive map. A feedback process was initiated in May 2006 with 19 participating shrimp farms. The objective of this research is to develop a platform for an early detection of shrimp epidemics on a regional scale. The detection of an epidemic, expressed as suboptimal production in a specific region, can provide producers from other zones and government authorities to engage in time preventive and control measures in order to reduce the spread of diseases.     

小麦秆锈菌新致病小种21C3CTR致病谱分析

用从国内１６个小麦主产省收集的１１２个小麦主栽品种及抗源，分析测定秆锈菌新致病小种２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱，并与国内另７个致病小种２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ，２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ，３４ＭＫＧ，３４ＭＫＨ，３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ，３４Ｃ２ＭＦＧ和３４Ｃ２ＭＦＲ的致病谱进行比较。２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱为４３．８％，另７个致病小种的致病谱则分别为４４．６％，４８．３％，５２．７％，５２．７％，５６．３％，４５．５％，６６．８％。２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ的致病谱除比２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ高外，比另６个致病小种都低，与３４Ｃ２ＭＦＲ的差异已达极显著水平。说明２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ（Ｓｒｌｌ毒力）的出现引起抗病性丧失尚不十分严重。其原因是尽管２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ对Ｓｒｌｌ有毒力，但对国内生产品种及抗源出现频率最高的抗秆锈病基因Ｓｒ５不具有毒力，制约了其致病谱。通过测定还明确了来自不同省份的小麦品种抗秆锈病水平存在极显著差异，具体阐明了各省小麦品种的抗性水平。建议今后秆锈病测报重点应放在品种抗性差的地区。     

杨树溃疡病研究进展

笔者概述了国内杨树溃疡病水泡型、大斑型和烂皮型3种主要病害症状,以Dothiorella gregaria Sacc为主要病原菌的杨树溃疡病多种病原,具有潜伏侵染特性的侵染循环,以及影响病害流行的温度、土壤条件及杨树品种等因素和以"强化调控生态因素的综合治理IPM技术"防治策略等方面的研究。     

辽宁省葡萄白腐病的田间发生规律及药剂防治

通过对葡萄白腐病田间发生规律研究,认为葡萄白腐病发生与生育期、温度、湿度和降雨量有密切关系。多因子模拟表明,该病害多因子Logistic模型可以较好地反映葡萄白腐病流行动态随气象因子变化情况。沈阳地区该病害防治时间为6月初;时间指数增长期为葡萄出芽到7月初,逻辑斯蒂时期为7月初到9月中旬;衰退期9月中旬以后。在发病前期合理使用2 5%甲硫.腈菌可湿性粉剂、多菌灵等药剂,可有效控制葡萄白腐病发生。     

石斛锈病病原初步鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

石斛锈病为齿瓣石斛(Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.)上的一种新病害。通过对锈病病斑的形状、颜色和冬孢子的外观形态进行观察，确定病原为担子菌门冬孢菌纲锈菌目柄锈菌属真菌。对锈病进行田间药剂防治试验，结果表明，43%戊唑醇SC、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、15%三唑酮WP三种药剂对该病防治效果较好，相对防效分别达到81.14%、76.36%和76.33%。     

养殖农户报告动物疫情行为意愿及影响因素分析——以湖北地区养殖农户为例

养殖农户拥有动物健康状况信息,是否主动报告动物疫情直接影响动物疫病从发现到大规模爆发的时间间隔,进而影响重大动物疫情的传播速度和严重性。运用有序Logistic模型对影响养殖户上报疫情行为意愿的因素进行实证研究,结果表明:责任分散效应、扑杀补偿激励不足、防疫意识淡薄是养殖户不上报疫情的主要原因;饲养规模较大、对动物疾病情况较为了解的养殖户上报动物疫情行为意愿较弱;具有较高文化程度、接受了当地畜牧部门培训、参加了养殖协会、对动物产品安全较为忧虑、认为政府扑杀补贴能较大程度弥补扑杀带来的损失等特征的养殖农户上报疫情行为意愿较强。     

Landraces of cowpea, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp., as potential sources of genes for unique characters in breeding

Cowpea landraces belonging to Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata cv.-gr. unguiculata and cv.-gr. sesquipedalis collected from part of the Deccan Plateau and West Coast of India were evaluated to (i) identify the diverse source(s) of variation for improved characters like pods/peduncle and seed index (ii) study the response of landraces for adaptation to drought and heat stress and (iii) understand the breeding value of a landrace in the genetic improvement of a popular cowpea cultivar. Landraces were evaluated for various morphological characters, pods/peduncle, seed index and other economically important agronomic traits, rust resistance and drought and heat tolerance in different years and environments. Landraces were found as an important source of genetic variability for pods/plant, pods/peduncle, better pod filling ability (seed index), grain yield/plant as well as drought and heat tolerance and rust resistance. Hybridization between C 152 (cv.) and DWDCC 016 (landrace) resulted in release of new variation not present in the two parents. Thus the landrace, DWDCC 016, can be utilized to improve cultivated varieties by transferring to them the economically valuable traits like pods/peduncle and seed index thereby enhancing realisation of sink potential and ultimately grain yield in a sustainable way.