保护性耕作对黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的影响

[目的]为有效的防治黄土高原坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地持续利用。[方法]在陇中半干旱区6°～7°的坡耕地上,设传统耕作下春小麦与苜蓿间作（TWL）、马铃薯与苜蓿间作（TPL）、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作（TCL）、免耕秸秆覆盖下春小麦与苜蓿间作（NTSWL）、马铃薯与苜蓿间作（NISPL）、鹰嘴豆与苜蓿间作（NTSCL）6个处理,进行保护性耕作的定位研究,并分别探讨保护性耕作对每种间作方式的土壤容重、饱和导水率以及水土流失的影响。[结果]结果表明,与传统耕作（T）相比,免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）增大了土壤的容重,提高了表土的饱和导水率,使土壤的稳定性有所提高,水分易于入渗。免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）可明显减少土壤侵蚀量和径流量。[结论]保护性耕作是控制黄土高原半干旱区坡耕地水土流失的有效措施。     

稻草覆盖和草篱对红壤缓坡旱地水土流失及作物产量的影响

以红壤缓坡旱地为对象,研究稻草覆盖和香根草篱对水土流失及花生产量的影响。2011—2012两年的研究结果表明,不同处理产生的径流量大小排序为:对照稻草覆盖、草篱草篱+稻草覆盖。水土保持效果最好的是草篱+稻草覆盖处理,与对照相比,径流量显著减少了47.1%~79.8%(P0.05),土壤侵蚀量显著减少了79.2%~99.5%(P0.05)。2011—2012年作物产量最高的分别是稻草覆盖和草篱+稻草覆盖处理,与对照相比,这两种处理可分别增产26.6%~50.9%、15.5%~37.7%(P0.05)。因此稻草覆盖、草篱+稻草覆盖结合是红壤缓坡旱地水土保持的有效措施。     

Scaling up nature-based solutions for climate-change adaptation: Potential and benefits in three European cities

Many exemplary projects have demonstrated that Nature-based Solutions (NBS) can contribute to climate change adaptation, but now the challenge is to scale up their use. Setting realistic policy goals requires knowing the amount of different NBS types that can fit in the urban space and the benefits that can be expected. This research aims to assess the potential for a full-scale implementation of NBS for climate-change adaptation in European cities, the expected benefits and co-benefits, and how these quantities relate to the urban structure of the cities.We selected three case studies: Barcelona (Spain), Malmö (Sweden), and Utrecht (the Netherlands), and developed six scenarios that simulate the current condition, the full-scale implementation of different NBS strategies (i.e., installing green roofs, de-sealing parking areas, enhancing vegetation in urban parks, and planting street trees), and a combination of them. Then we applied spatially-explicit methods to assess, for each scenario, two climate change-related benefits, i.e. heat mitigation and stormwater regulation, and three co-benefits, namely carbon storage, biodiversity potential, and overall greenness. Finally, by breaking down the results per land use class, we investigated how the potential and benefits vary depending on the urban form.Most scenarios provide multiple benefits, but each one is characterized by a specific mix. In all cities, a full-scale deployment of green roofs shows the greatest potential to reduce runoff and increase biodiversity, while tree planting -either along streets or in urban parks– produces the greatest impact on heat mitigation and greenness. However, these results entail interventions of different size and in different locations. Planting street trees maximizes interventions in residential areas, but key opportunities for integrating most NBS types also lie in commercial and industrial areas. The results on the pros and cons of each scenario can support policy-makers in designing targeted NBS strategies for climate change adaptation.     

表层土壤结构对红壤坡耕地产流及产沙过程的影响

针对南方红壤区坡耕地水土流失严重与表层结构退化的现状，采用室内模拟降雨的方法，分析表层土壤结构和雨强对降雨再分配、坡面产流及产沙过程的影响。结果表明：（1）表层土壤结构显著改变降雨的再分配过程，深耕作层可以降低地表径流比例，增加壤中流比例，60和90 mm·h-1雨强下，随耕作层深度增加，地表径流平均比例依次为70.5%，62.9% 和 56.8%，壤中流平均比例依次提升为7.1%，12.3％和18.1%；（2）土壤流失率随雨强增加而增大，90 mm·h-1雨强下土壤流失率是60 mm·h-1雨强下的4.4倍，土壤流失率随耕作层深度增加而显著减小，依次为36.8、21.1和13.1 g·m-2 min-1；（3）雨强和表层土壤结构显著影响坡面侵蚀形态的演变，随耕作深度增加坡面侵蚀由细沟侵蚀逐渐转变为面蚀。表层土壤结构显著改变坡耕地降雨-径流关系和侵蚀过程，合理增加耕作层深度，对降低地表侵蚀、促进土壤水分的深层下渗、增加土壤深层持水量具有积极作用。     

近60年开都河源区径流演变及驱动因素定量分析

基于开都河大山口水文观测站径流量实测数据，利用Mann-Kendall趋势和突变检验以及累积距平法，分析开都河近60年的径流和降水演变规律，利用双累积曲线法定量研究降水和人类活动对开都河径流变化的贡献量。结果表明：（1）开都河年径流量波动较小，多年平均值、最大和最小值分别为35.44×108m3、57.09×108m3和24.61×108m3。（2）径流量整体呈上升趋势，以0.166×108m3/a的速率递增，于1995年发生由少到多的突变。（3）开都河源区降水年际变化较小，多年平均值、最大和最小值分别为271.48mm、406.6mm以及191.4mm，且在1998年发生突变。（4）在径流量增加过程中，降水和人类活动对其贡献率分别为68.2%、31.8%；影响量分别为4.71×108 m3和2.2×108 m3。研究成果为开都河源区水资源管理、利用和水土流失整治提供数据基础和决策依据。     

黄土区薄厚层浮土土质道路降雨侵蚀过程差异

土质道路经长期碾压产生了大量浮土,加剧了道路侵蚀.本文通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强及坡度条件下薄层1.0 cm和厚层4.0 cm浮土土质道路的产流产沙特征.根据侵蚀物质的差异,将浮土道路侵蚀过程分为单独浮土侵蚀阶段和浮土、道路混合侵蚀阶段.结果表明:(1)浮土侵蚀阶段、混合侵蚀阶段薄层浮土平均径流率为厚层浮土的1...     

Erosion and covered zones altered by surface coverage effects on soil nitrogen and carbon loss from an agricultural slope under laboratory-simulated rainfall events

Soil erosion, one of the most serious environmental concerns, might remove topsoil and essential element from terrestrial land. However, few attentions have been given to investigating how soil erosion regimes affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of surface coverage rates (83%, 67%, 50%, 33%, 17% and 0%) and two positions (up- and downslope) on erosion regimes and its associated soil nitrogen and carbon loss under a sequence of six rainfalls (R1-R6). These results showed that the sediment concentrations with 33% (R4) and 17% (R5) coverage downslope were significantly lower than those with coverage upslope, whereas there was no significant difference between the runoff rates of the two slopes. Thus, surface coverage at different positions induced two soil erosion regimes (deposition- and transport-dominated processes). Dynamics of the DON and DIN concentrations indicated different release processes of soil nitrogen into runoff. The DON contributed to a substantial amount of soil nitrogen loss, which accounted approximately 81% of the organic form. The SBOC is significantly correlated with sediment-enriched clay particles from the deposition-dominated processes and is higher than that from the transport-dominated processes. The DOC is significantly correlated with Rr for transport-dominated processes. These results illustrated the critical role of erosion regimes in soil organic carbon loss in dissolved or sediment-bound form. It is concluded that erosion/covered zones altered by surface coverage could produce transport- and deposition-dominated erosion regimes and consequently affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In addition, these results demonstrated that surface coverage pattern may efficiently control soil erosion and soil carbon and nitrogen loss.