草本缓冲带优化配置对氮磷的去除效果

利用自行设计的小型试验装置模拟缓冲带,选择东北地区草木犀、白三叶、马唐、夏枯草4种常见植物,通过人工配水模拟农田径流水,采用草种不同栽种方式及草皮与其他生物处理方式相结合的方法,开展缓冲带对污染物的净化效果试验研究。结果表明,在渗流中,草种不同栽种方式和草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带,3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为59.80%、56.81%。在径流中,草种不同栽种方式中3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为23.30%、22.30%;草皮与其他生物处理方式结合缓冲带,3种混栽+小沟对全P去除效果最高达27.4%,3种混栽+人工浮床对NH4+—N去除效果最高,达30.1%。在本试验条件下,3种混栽方式对渗流的净化效果较好,而草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带对径流有较好的净化效果。     

Simulating site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology in southern Loess Plateau of China

Proper spatial and temporal treatments of climate change scenarios projected by General Circulation Models (GCMs) are critical to accurate assessment of climatic impacts on natural resources and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology at the Changwu station of Shaanxi, China using a new spatiotemporal downscaling method. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and climate change scenarios projected by the U.K. Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM3) under the A2, B2, and GGa emissions scenarios were used in this study. The monthly precipitation and temperature projections were downloaded for the periods of 1900–1999 and 2010–2039 for the grid box containing the Changwu station. Univariate transfer functions were derived by matching probability distributions between station-measured and GCM-projected monthly precipitation and temperature for the 1950–1999 period. The derived functions were used to spatially downscale the GCM monthly projections of 2010–2039 in the grid box to the Changwu station. The downscaled monthly data were further disaggregated to daily weather series using a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN). The HadCM3 projected that average annual precipitation during 2010–2039 would increase by 4 to 18% at Changwu and that frequency and intensity of large storms would also increase. Under the conventional tillage, simulated percent increases during 2010–2039, compared with the present climate, would be 49–112% for runoff and 31–167% for soil loss. However, simulated soil losses under the conservation tillage during 2010–2039 would be reduced by 39–51% compared with those under the conventional tillage in the present climate. The considerable reduction in soil loss in the conservation tillage indicates the importance of adopting conservation tillage in the region to control soil erosion under climate change.     

基于三维Copula函数的沙颍河流域水文干旱频率分析

为进一步研究水文干旱特征及其演变规律,选取沙颍河流域2个水文站1951—2008年逐月径流资料,采用游程理论提取水文干旱特征变量,选取4种对称Archimedean Copula函数和对应的非对称Archimedean Copula函数拟合干旱特征变量的联合分布并计算联合重现期和同现重现期。经拟合检验,Frank Copula对干旱特征变量二维联合分布的拟合效果最优,M3 Copula函数对三维干旱变量的联合分布拟合效果最优。干旱特征的单变量重现期值大于二、三维变量的联合重现期,小于二、三维变量的同现重现期。因此,Copula函数能够较好地拟合沙颍河流域水文干旱特征变量间的联合分布。     

清涧河水沙变化分析

清涧河流域水土流失严重。年侵蚀模数在１００００ｔ／ｋｍ２以上。自５０年代初开展水土保持工作，截至１９８９年底止，共治理水土流失面积２２０４．０７ｋｍ２，治理程度达５０．６７％，流域输水输沙明显减少。分析表明：清涧河水沙减少受降雨和流域治理的共同影响，与１９６９年以前相比，７０年代年均减沙１５．４％，８０年代年均减沙７１．３％。在减沙量中，降雨偏枯影响７０年代占１４．６％～２８．２％，８０年代占３６．９％～４１．８％；流域治理减沙量７０年代占７１．８％～８５．５％，８０年代占５８．２％～６３．１％。同时，流域治理减水量也由７０年代的１８．２％～３３．９％增加到８０年代的４２．９％～４７．７％。     

土壤磷素流失的途径、环境影响及对策

土壤长期过量的P肥(包括化肥和有机肥)投入导致土壤P素水平的提高,从而加大了土壤P素流失的风险。大部分水体富营养化的限制因素是P,土壤P的流失是重要的非点源污染。本文对国内外有关土壤P管理的研究做一综述,内容包括土壤P对水体富营养化的贡献、土壤P的流失途径及影响因素、系列水体P和土壤P指数、土壤P流失控制对策(土地利用管理、立法、政策的改变)等。     

泾河水沙变化特性分析

分析了泾河较大支流、干流水量沙量变化特性,结果表明:泾河流域平均降水量变化较小,径流量、输沙量衰减趋势明显。     

雪盖与径流的相关性分析——以玛纳斯河为例

选用2000年11月～2009年4月玛纳斯河上游流域所涉及的MOD10A2数据作为遥感数据源和同一时期的玛纳斯河径流数据,研究了雪盖与径流相关性。结果表明,3月的积雪覆盖率与当年4月径流相关系数为-0.817 5,并通过了显著水平0.005的检验;冬春季里最大月份的积雪覆盖率与次年6月径流的相关系数为-0.649 6,并通过了显著水平0.05的检验;12月份的平均积雪覆盖率与次年5月份径流的相关系数约为0.577 5,并通过了显著水平0.1的检验。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型次降雨产流产沙特征

在甘肃省定西市安家沟小流域以径流小区为研究对象,利用径流场在自然降雨条件下监测所得径流泥沙资料,对不同植被类型的次降雨入渗、产流产沙特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：不同植被类型土壤入渗率均随着雨强的增大线性增大,入渗速率与降雨历时呈幂函数关系。油松林的径流系数（15.97%~19.88%）最大,小麦地（10.91%~17.32%）和沙棘林（9.51%~17.47%）次之,冰草地（4.62%~8.30%）和苜蓿地（6.82%~10.66%）的径流系数最小。径流系数（1%~28%）与降雨量之间符合幂函数关系（P<0.05）。径流含沙量平均值排序依次为小麦地（16.49~22.71 g·L^-1）>苜蓿地（12.66~16.91 g·L^-1）>沙棘林（7.04~11.8 g·L^-1）>油松林（6.95~7.78 g·L^-1）>冰草地（5.53~7.71 g·L^-1）。径流含沙量和土壤侵蚀率均与降雨侵蚀力呈正相关关系（P<0.01）,可分别采用线性函数和二次函数进行定量描述。研究成果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持优化配置提供参考。     

Exploring the impact of green space health on runoff reduction using NDVI

This study examines the impact of green space health on local flooding based on the analysis of eighty-two watersheds in four Texas metropolitan statistical areas: Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin. The runoff records in October 2007 and October 2012 were selected for the assessment. The study met the methodological challenge posed by comparison by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) datasets produced based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery of the 250-m resolution as a proxy to represent the health of green space. Two linear regression models were employed to explain the variation in mean daily runoff depth in 2007 and 2012, while controlling multiple contextual variables.Results indicate that watersheds containing healthier green spaces were likely to generate lower amounts of runoff in both periods. Standardized coefficients of green space health also show that the NDVI is a powerful and significant predictor to explain variation in runoff. These findings illustrate the important role of urban green spaces in attenuating local flooding and may provide planners and decision-makers with a method to consider, using this kind of objective greenery index in further developing local and regional green infrastructure and land-use plans.     

基于线性回归的分析河流径流量的数学模型

运用统计学中的回归分析方法,建立了河流年径流量与年平均降水量及年平均饱和差的线性回归模型,统计分析结果显示二者是影响河流年径流量的因素,并通过数据比较表明该模型是合理的。