高产优质饲料作物——鲁梅克斯K—1

综述了由新疆民大实业发展公司１９９５年从国外引入新疆和黑龙江安达市种植的高产优质饲料作物——鲁梅克斯Ｋ—１的特征特性和饲用价值。该作物寿命长、春天返青早、抗寒、抗盐碱。花期株高２～２．５ｍ，年鲜草总产量１５０～２００ｔｈｍ－２，干物质含量１０．７９％～１１．９％，粗蛋白质（按干物质计）２９．８１％～３９．８１％，干草和青贮料家畜家禽均喜食，是猪、牛，特别是奶牛优质的青饲料作物     

俄罗斯引进鲁梅克斯新品种在黑龙江省的推广种植

黑龙江省北部全年低温时间较长,西部地区土地盐碱化严重,是制约黑龙江农牧业发展的两大主要因素。为了筛选出与黑龙江省气候和土壤类型相适应的牧草,本研究对从俄罗斯引进的鲁梅克斯新品种‘ЩавельЧемпион’在黑龙江省不同积温带的5个具有代表性的种植点阿城、肇州、逊克、嫩江和呼玛的农艺性状和营养价值进行研究。结果表明,该品种在肇州的生长状况明显差于其它地区,而在嫩江的生长状况明显优于其它地区;产量则表现为阿城、逊克和嫩江较高,产量均在150t·hm-2以上,肇州和呼玛略低,但产量也均在120t·hm-2以上。从营养数据可以看出,阿城种植区的粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量显著高于其它地区(P0.05),其中粗蛋白为18.41%,粗脂肪为3.82%;肇州种植区的粗纤维含量显著低于其它地区,含量为10.75%,而粗灰分含量显著高于(P0.05)其它各种植区,达到14.85%;嫩江种植区钙含量显著高于其它地区;肇州种植区的干物质含量显著高于其它地区。结果表明,引进新品种‘ЩавельЧемпион’适应性强,能够在黑龙江省不同区域不同土壤上种植并推广。     

Field appraisal of herbicide potential of sunflower leaf extract against Rumex dentatus

Comparative evaluation of sunflower aqueous extracts and commercially available synthetic herbicides was carried out in field trials. Crude aqueous extract was tested in 80 and 100% concentrations in plots where wheat was grown with Rumex dentatus in a 1:1 mix. In comparison with the synthetic herbicides (Buctril-Super^® and Chwastox^®) the aqueous extract failed to kill 100% of selected weeds, but the highest tested extract concentration completely overcame weed crop competition by reducing the weed biomass and increasing wheat yield significantly. The trial confirmed the herbicidal potential of sunflower allelochemicals against broad leaf weeds.     

Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence

Trials were carried out to investigate the effects of light and temperature on germination of Rumex obtusifolius L. After several months of storage, seeds gradually lost dormancy and became photosensitive. Thermal optima for germination were between 20 °C and 25 °C in light or in darkness. At lower temperatures there was a greater demand for light, so that the greatest differences in germination percentage (between low and high temperatures) were found within the 10–15 °C temperature range. The calculated thermal minima ( x -intercept method) in light and darkness were 8.3 °C and 6.1 °C respectively. Daily temperature fluctuation increased germination even after seed irradiation with far-red light, suggesting a lower demand for the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome. Seed burial inhibited germination in proportion to depth; however, germination inhibition was independent of seed phytochrome photo-equilibrium, which had been diversified by seed pretreatment with light. Seedlings did not emerge when seeds were buried >8 cm deep. Recovery of ungerminated seeds showed that excessive burial did not impede seedling emergence but rather prevented seed germination. However, this induction of dormancy was lost once germination processes were activated (24–48 h at 20 °C) that made germination irreversible. Temperature was also involved in inhibition, and low temperature (<15 °C) induced the least inhibition. This is discussed in terms of processes of respiration and fermentation in buried seeds.     

用发酵酸法提取营养酸模叶蛋白的工艺

分别用德氏乳杆菌发酵淀粉糖化液和泡菜水作为母酸,对营养酸模榨汁液进行发酵制备发酵酸,用来沉淀叶蛋白。用由德氏乳杆菌制成的发酵酸沉淀叶蛋白,其粗蛋白的质量分数为59．22％～61．25％,提取率为35．3％～43．5％;用由泡菜水制成的发酵酸沉淀叶蛋白,其粗蛋白的质量分数为56．32％～59．48％,提取率为40．00％～44．97％。     

Ecophysiological characteristics of five weeds and a wheat crop in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains,India

The objective of this research was to compare selected ecophysiological parameters for a wheat crop found in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India and its five dominant weeds. The dominant and regionally ubiquitous weeds in the wheat field that was selected for the study were Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Melilotus albus, Phalaris minor and Rumex dentatus. Taller weeds, such as C. album and P. minor, constituted one group along with the crop, with a low photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency and leaf area ratio, in comparison to shorter weeds, such as A. arvensis, M. albus and R. dentatus, which formed another group with a high photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency and leaf area ratio. Interspecific variations in the photosynthetic rate were driven mainly by variability in the specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. The taller weeds and the crop had a low specific leaf area later in the season, whereas the smaller weeds had a relatively high specific leaf area, which might be an adaptation to the shaded environment below the canopy. The result indicates that any weed management in the wheat fields of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains will need two different approaches because of the different strategies followed by the two weed groups that were identified in the present study.     

土大黄对云南省滇西北高山草地生物多样性的影响

2009年9月,用点样（Point Quatfats）法调查了云南省滇西北贡山县迪麻村色娃龙巴高山牧场的4种不同土大黄覆盖率群落的空间垂直分布,并采用Shannon’s多样性指数（H）和均匀性指数（EH）对物种和群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明,云南省滇西北高山牧场有比较丰富的牧草资源,共25种;中等和中上等的土大黄覆盖率群落里具有最多的物种丰富度和最高的物种多样性指数,同时也具有高的物种均衡性;其次是高等的土大黄覆盖率群落;低等的土大黄覆盖率群落里则具有最低的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数。这些结果表明,土大黄对高山草地的生物多样性的影响并不明显,造成高山草地生物多样性变化的主要原因是家畜的放牧强度和频率。     

野菠菜厌氧发酵产气潜力

利用自行设计的厌氧发酵试验装置,在(30±1)℃恒温条件下,对发酵料液中不同物料质量分数(4%、6%和8%)的野菠菜进行单相批量厌氧发酵试验研究。结果表明,3种不同处理下产气都有2个高峰,6%处理发酵持续时间比其他2个处理长。4%、6%和8%的处理累计产气量分别为10 544.0、15 870.5、13 019.5 mL,平均日产气量为234.3、352.7和289.3 mL/d。在发酵过程中3个处理下pH都显示出先下降再上升的趋势。随着发酵时间的延长,所产气体中的CH4含量呈明显升高的趋势,3个处理的甲烷体积分数在第8天达到40%以上,平均甲烷体积分数均在40%以上,峰值在50%以上。     

土大黄的分布与云南省滇西北高山草地植物物种多样性的关系

2009年9月,用点样法调查了云南省滇西北贡山县迪麻村色娃龙巴高山牧场的4种不同土大黄(Rumexnepalensis)覆盖率群落的空间垂直分布,并采用Shannon’s多样性指数(H)和平均数(EH)对物种和群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明,调查的草地群落里共有25种牧草资源;土大黄覆盖率与毛囊苔草(Carexinanis)和银叶委陵菜(Potentillaleuconota)覆盖率呈负相关,与拉拉藤(Galiumaparine var.echino-spermu)和中华水芹(Oenanthe sinense)覆盖率呈正相关(P0.05);中等和中上等的土大黄覆盖率群落里具有最高的物种丰富度(19、17)、物种多样性指数(2.40、2.32)和物种均衡性(0.82、0.82),其次是高等的土大黄覆盖率群落,低等的土大黄覆盖率群落里则具有最低的物种丰富度(15)和物种多样性指数(1.98)。然而,低等的土大黄覆盖率群落里具有最高的总物种密度(15.65)。这些结果表明,土大黄对高山草地植物物种多样性的影响并不明显,造成物种多样性变化的主要原因是家畜的放牧强度和频率。     

Gastrophysa atrocyanae (Col: Chrysomelidae), an agent for biological control of the dock,Rumex japonicus (Polygonaceae) in China

Abstract

The biology and host specificity of the beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motch were studied in the laboratory in Nanchang, China. This univoltine insect completed its immature stage in 32–39 days with adult overwintering in soil. A total of 35 plant species from 21 families were tested. Both larvae and adults attacked Rumex japonicus and Rumex acetosa with R. japonicus the main host. Larvae also attacked two Polygonum species, P. hydropiper and P. perfoliatum. But the adults are not concurrent with the two Polygonum species. Though oviposition occurred on five other plant species, none of them supported larval development. Field observations showed that G. atrocyanae caused a progressive decline in natural R. japonicus populations. Thus it is recommended as a valuable biological agent for this weed.