瘤胃原虫对瘤胃营养物质代谢的影响研究进展

本文在广泛查阅有关瘤胃原虫对糖代谢包括淀粉和可溶性糖代谢及纤维素代谢、对蛋白质代谢和对瘤胃内甲烷代谢等的影响研究资料的基础上，分析、总结了瘤胃原虫对反刍动物营养物质代谢的影响机理，指出瘤胃原虫对反刍动物的营养代谢既有有利的方面，也有不利的方面。实际应用时可根据不同的日粮类型、家畜的生理状况、当地的饲养管理条件等实际情况因时控制瘤胃纤毛虫区系及种群密度，创造适宜的瘤胃内环境，充分发挥原虫在特定条件下的有利生理功能，从而提高反刍动物饲料利用率和生产性能。     

青藏高原退化高寒草地土壤氮矿化特征以及影响因素研究

为了明确青藏高原退化高寒草地土壤氮矿化特点以及影响因素,以高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,运用原位培养法对健康与退化条件下2类型草地中土壤硝化速率、氨化速率以及氮素转化微生物、植物和土壤等因子进行了研究。结果表明:1)草地退化显著降低了高寒草甸和草原土壤净硝化速率和净氨化速率;2)草地退化降低了2类高寒草地土壤硝化细菌和氨化细菌数量,降低了土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性;3)草地退化显著降低了NH₄-N和NO₃-N含量,降低了微生物生物量氮含量。相关分析表明,高寒草地中土壤硝化速率和氨化速率与土壤硝化细菌和氨化细菌的数量以及蛋白酶和脲酶密切相关。植物生物量、土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮含量通过影响微生物数量、微生物生物量及酶活性而成为影响土壤氮素转化的主要因素。因此,草地退化通过降低高寒草地硝化细菌和氨化细菌、土壤酶活性而降低土壤氮素转化速率和土壤有效氮的供给。     

森林植被与土壤微生物关系研究进展

在森林陆地生态系统中,植被和土壤微生物作为其主要成员,在维持林内养分平衡、保持生物多样性、促进能量循环等方面扮演着重要的角色.同时,森林植被与土壤微生物之间存在着密切的互作关系.因此,研究二者的关系能够为森林的保护和评价森林生态系统健康状况提供依据.从森林植被多样性特征、土壤微生物多样性特征、植被与土壤微生物之间的相互关系等角度进行了综述,在总结前人研究结果的基础之上对未来的研究目标进行了展望.     

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on alfalfa nutrient degradation characteristics and rumen microbial populations of steers fed diets with different concentrate-to-forage ratios

Live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) constitutes an effective additive for animal production; its probiotic effect may be related to the concentrate-to-forage ratio (CTFR). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of S. cerevisiae (SC) on fiber degradation and rumen microbial populations in steers fed diets with different levels of dietary concentrate. Ten Simmental × Local crossbred steers (450 ± 50 kg BW) were assigned to a control group or an SC group. Both groups were fed the same basal diet but the SC group received SC supplementation (8 × 10⁹ cfu/h/d through the ruminal fistula) following a two-period crossover design. Each period consisted of four phases, each of which lasted 17 d: 10 d for dietary adaptation, 6 d for degradation study, and 1 d for rumen sample collection. From the 1^st to the 4^th phase, steers were fed in a stepwise fashion with increasing CTFRs, i.e., 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 90:10. The kinetics of dry matter and fiber degradation of alfalfa pellets were evaluated; the rumen microbial populations were detected using real-time PCR. The results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) interactions between dietary CTFR and SC for most parameters. Dietary CTFR had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on degradation characteristics of alfalfa pellets and the copies of rumen microorganism; the increasing concentrate level resulted in linear, quadratic or cubic variation trend for these parameters. SC supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) affected dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation rates (c_DM, c_NDF) and NDF effective degradability (ED_NDF). Compared with the control group, there was an increasing trend of rumen fungi and protozoa in SC group (P < 0.1); copies of total bacteria in SC group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Additionally, percentage of Ruminobacter amylophilus was significantly lower (P < 0.05) but percentage of Selenomonas ruminantium was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the SC group. In a word, dietary CTFR had a significant effect on degradation characteristics of forage and rumen microbial population. S. cerevisiae had positive effects on DM and NDF degradation rate or effective degradability of forage; S. cerevisiae increased rumen total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and lactate-utilizing bacteria but reduced starch-degrading and lactate-producing bacteria.     

Quantitative analysis of ruminal methanogenic microbial populations in beef cattle divergent in phenotypic residual feed intake (RFI) offered contrasting diets

Background

Methane (CH₄) emissions in cattle are an undesirable end product of rumen methanogenic fermentative activity as they are associated not only with negative environmental impacts but also with reduced host feed efficiency. The aim of this study was to quantify total and specific rumen microbial methanogenic populations in beef cattle divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) while offered (i) a low energy high forage (HF) diet followed by (ii) a high energy low forage (LF) diet. Ruminal fluid was collected from 14 high (H) and 14 low (L) RFI animals across both dietary periods. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to quantify the abundance of total and specific rumen methanogenic microbes. Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the association between the relative abundance of methanogens and animal performance, rumen fermentation variables and diet digestibility.

Results

Abundance of methanogens, did not differ between RFI phenotypes. However, relative abundance of total and specific methanogen species was affected (P < 0.05) by diet type, with greater abundance observed while animals were offered the LF compared to the HF diet.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that differences in abundance of specific rumen methanogen species may not contribute to variation in CH₄ emissions between efficient and inefficient animals, however dietary manipulation can influence the abundance of total and specific methanogen species.     

牛粪湿法厌氧消化规律及载体影响的研究

在35℃条件下，观察牛粪厌氧消化的沼气产量和生物指标的变化规律及聚丙烯网状空心球、玻璃纤维和碳纤维膜载体对牛粪厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明：5%牛粪在厌氧发酵过程中，pH值在发酵的第3 d降到最低，在发酵的第7 d升高到7以上；沼气的产量约在发酵的第9 d达到高峰，而后逐渐降低；COD的去除主要发生在发酵的第4～8 d；发酵产物细菌数量在发酵第6 d达到高峰，在第12 d降低到一个基本相对稳定的水平；辅酶F₄₂₀活性与其细菌数量在时间和数量方面有着相同的变化规律。聚丙烯网状球形载体表面附着较多的微生物，由此延长产气高峰期，并显著提高沼气产量(p<0.05)，以及显著降低反应器厌氧微生物的流失(p<0.01)。     

Structural and functional diversity of soil microbes is affected by elevated [CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>] and N addition in a poplar plantation

Background, Aims, and Scope  The genetic structure and the functionality of soil microbes are both important when studying the role of soil in the C cycle in elevated CO₂ scenarios. The aim of this work was to investigate the genetic composition of the fungal community by means of PCR-DGGE and the functional diversity of soil micro-organisms in general with MicroResp-based community level physiological profiling (CLPP) in a poplar plantation (POPFACE) grown under elevated [CO₂] with and without nitrogen fertilization. Materials and Methods  The POPFACE experimental plantation and FACE facility are located in central Italy, Tuscania (VT). Clones of Populus alba, Populus nigra and Populus x euramericana were grown, from 1999 to 2004, in six 314 m² plots treated either with atmospheric (control) or enriched (550 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ with FACE (Free Air CO₂ Enrichment) technology in each growing season. Each plot is divided into six triangular sectors, with two sectors per poplar genotype: three species × two nitrogen levels. After removal of the litter layer one soil core per genotype (10 cm wide, 20 cm depth) was taken inside each of the three sectors in each plot, for a total of 36 soil cores (3 replicates × 2 [CO₂] × 2 fertilization × 3 species) in October 2004 and in July 2005. DNA was extracted with a bead beating procedure. 18S rDNA gene fragments were amplified with PCR using fungal primers (FR1 GC and FF390). Analysis of CLPP was performed using the MicroResp method. Carbon substrates were selected depending on their ecological relevance to soil and their solubility in water. In particular rhizospheric C sources (carboxylic acids and carbohydrates) were chosen considering the importance of root inputs for microbial metabolism. Results  The fertilization treatment differentiated the fungal community composition regardless of elevated [CO₂] or the poplar species; moreover the number of fungal species was lower in fertilized soil. The effect of elevated [CO₂] on the fungal community composition was evident only as interaction with the fertilization treatment as, in N-sufficient soils, the elevated [CO₂] selected a different microbial community. For CLPP, the differ ent poplar species were the main factors of variation. The FACE treatment, on average, resulted in lower C utilization rates in un-fertilized soils and higher in fertilized soils. Discussion  Fungal biomass and fungal composition depend on different factors: from previous studies we know that the greater quantity and the higher C/N ratio of organic inputs under elevated [CO₂] influenced positively the fungal biomass both in fertilized and in un-fertilized soil, whereas nitrogen availability resulted to be the main determinant of fungal community composition in this work. Whole active microbial community was directly influenced by the soil nutrient availability and the poplar species. Under elevated CO₂ the competition for N with plants strongly affected the microbial communities, which were not able to benefit from added rhizospheric substrates. Under Nsufficient conditions, the increase of microbial activity due to [CO₂] enrichment was related to a more active microbial community, favoured by the current availability of C and N. Conclusions  Different factors influenced the microbial community at different levels: poplar species and root exudates affected the functional properties of the microbial community, while the fungal specific composition (as seen with DGGE) remained unaffected. On the other hand, factors such as N and C availability had a strong impact on the community functionality and composition. Fungal community structure reflected the availability of N in soils and the effect of elevated [CO₂] on community structure and function was evident only in N-sufficient soils. The simultaneous availability of C and N was therefore the main driving force for microbial structure and function in this plantation. Recommendations and Perspectives  Using the soil instead of soil extracts for CLPP determination provides a direct measurement of substrate catabolism by microbial communities and reflects activity rather than growth because more immediate responses to substrates are measured. Further applications of this approach could include selective inhibition of different microbial functional groups to investigate specific CLPPs. To combine the structural analysis and the catabolic responses of specific microbial communities (i.e. fungi or bacteria) could provide new outlooks on the role of microbes on SOM decomposition. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Kirk Semple (k.semple@lancaster.ac.uk)     

混合菌群强化去除泥浆体系中菲、芘的效果及影响因素

通过室内泥浆体系模拟试验,研究了混合微生物菌群(嗜热菌和多环芳烃特异性降解菌),在40℃条件下(两类微生物均能较快生长繁殖),对泥浆体系中代表性多环芳烃菲、芘的去除效果及其影响因素(水土比,葡萄糖、淀粉、水杨酸及其浓度)。结果表明:泥浆体系中混合微生物菌群对多环芳烃的去除效果显著(P0.01),单日菲去除率最大可达20.0%,芘达15.3%。随着反应进程的进行,菲和芘的去除率提高,去除速率则逐步降低,菲的半衰期1.8天小于芘4.9天,因此菲的去除较芘更快。试验得到该泥浆体系中混合微生物菌群去除多环芳烃最合适的水土比为2︰1,碳源为葡萄糖,浓度TOC_(葡萄糖):TOC_(PAHs)为2︰1。该研究结果可为泥浆体系中混合微生物菌群强化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的技术研发提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

Active dry yeast supplementation improves the growth performance,rumen fermentation,and immune response of weaned beef calves

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the potential benefits of active dry yeast (ADY) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters of weaned beef calves. Thirty Simmental crossbred male calves (body weight = 86.47 ± 4.41 kg and 70 ± 4 d of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (CON) (fed basal ration) and ADY (fed basal ration and 5 g/d ADY per calf). The dietary concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 35:65. All the calves were regularly provided rations 3 times a day at 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00 and had free access to water. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The average daily gain of ADY group was higher (P = 0.007) than that of the CON group, and the ratio of feed intake to average daily gain in the ADY group was reduced (P = 0.022) as compared to the CON group. The concentration of ruminal ammonia-N was higher (P = 0.023) in the CON group than that in the ADY group, but an opposite trend of microbial protein was found between the 2 groups. Also, the ruminal concentrations of propionate and butyrate were higher (P < 0.05) in the ADY group than those in the CON group. Calves fed ADY exhibited higher (P < 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Supplementation of ADY increased (P < 0.05) the contents of glucose, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and interleukin 10 in the serum of calves, but an opposite trend was observed in malondialdehyde, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha contents between the 2 groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with ADY could improve the growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant ability, and immune response of weaned beef calves.