杭州规模化猪场两种通风模式下育肥舍内环境因子的比较分析

【目的】研究两种通风模式下杭州地区规模化猪场舍内环境参数及其分布规律,筛选出适合本地区推广的通风模式。【方法】选取杭州地区具有代表性的横向通风和纵向通风两种通风模式下育肥舍为研究对象,开展了早、中、晚3个不同时间点,进风口、舍中央和排风口3个不同位置的热环境参数、有害气体浓度的监测,持续监测1周。分析不同时间点和舍内不同位置对热环境参数(温度、相对湿度、风速)以及有害气体(氨气(NH₃)和硫化氢(H₂S))浓度的影响,并对两种模式下的热环境参数及有害气体浓度进行比较分析;采用空气沉淀法收集舍内环境中的细菌,并对细菌进行培养及统计分析,比较两种模式下育肥舍中细菌数量差异。【结果】两种通风模式下育肥舍相对湿度均低于国家标准,位置和各时间点对相对湿度影响不大,其中纵向通风舍内的相对湿度显著高于横向通风模式(P<0.05)。两种通风模式舍内平均温度没有显著性差异(P>0.05),舍内中午温度显著高于早、晚(P<0.05),位置对纵向通风舍内温度影响较大。纵向通风舍内平均风速为(1.09±0.42)m/s,符合国家标准且极显著高于横向...     

RPAA和保护性小肽对奶牛生产性能与消化率的影响

选取产奶量、泌乳期及年龄、体重相近的16头处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组4头牛。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日粮中分别添加脂肪包被的蛋氨酸和赖氨酸、脂肪包被的小肽、用甲醛处理的蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。结果表明:在奶牛日粮中添加脂肪包被的氨基酸和脂肪包被的小肽,其产奶量分别比对照组提高16.67%、24.02%(P<0.05);乳中固形物和乳脂率没有显著差异,乳蛋白略有升高(P>0.05);饲料干物质、粗蛋白和粗纤维消化率明显提高(P<0.05)。说明脂肪包被的氨基酸、小肽的效果优于甲醛处理的氨基酸组。     

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan (L-TRP)-dependent and -independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development. L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen (N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.     

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Rapid Secondary-Metabolite Profiling of Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2

The ocean is a rich resource of flora, fauna, and food. A wild-type bacterial strain showing confluent growth on marine agar with antibacterial activity was isolated from marine water, identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Pseudoalteromonas sp., and designated as strain M2. This strain was found to produce various secondary metabolites including quinolone alkaloids. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, we identified nine secondary metabolites of 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline (pseudane-III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI). Additionally, this strain produced two novel, closely related compounds, 2-isopentylqunoline-4-one and 2-(2,3-dimetylbutyl)qunoline-4-(1H)-one, which have not been previously reported from marine bacteria. From the metabolites produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2, 2-(2,3-dimethylbutyl)quinolin-4-one, pseudane-VI, and pseudane-VII inhibited melanin synthesis in Melan-A cells by 23.0%, 28.2%, and 42.7%, respectively, wherein pseudane-VII showed the highest inhibition at 8 µg/mL. The results of this study suggest that liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS-based metabolite screening effectively improves the efficiency of novel metabolite discovery. Additionally, these compounds are promising candidates for further bioactivity development.     

分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和污染治理中的应用

综述了聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)、生物芯片技术、酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA)、生物传感器4种现代分子生物学技术的基本原理及其在环境微生物检测和治理中的应用,以期为现代分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和治理中的进一步研究提供参考。     

不同类型白刺沙丘土壤理化性状与微生物相关性研究

利用民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带不同类型白刺沙丘的土壤微生物、土壤理化性状及二者之间的相关性进行研究,旨在探讨白刺沙丘的成土过程,为绿洲生态建设提供基础数据,结果表明,1)固定、半固定和流动沙丘粘粒、粉粒、细砂粒、粗砂粒含量差异较大;土壤养分含量与土壤粘粒、粉粒、细砂粒等细沙物质含量呈正相关性,与粗砂粒含量呈负相关性,表现为土壤养分含量随土壤颗粒的增大,相关性减弱。2)土壤微生物类群数量在半固定沙丘明显高于固定沙丘和流动沙丘。3)过渡带土壤均处于偏碱性状态,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效钾、速效磷和CaCO₃含量随沙丘发育年代的增加逐渐增加。4)不同年代沙丘中土壤微生物和土壤理化因子均具较好的相关性,尤其是细菌和放线菌与pH值呈显著的负相关关系,土壤有机质含量与三大菌群数量都表现出显著的正相关关系。     

不同精粗比条件下添加支链氨基酸对绵羊瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

本试验旨在利用体外发酵培养技术和正交试验设计研究在不同精粗比（20：80、40：60和60：40）条件下添加支链氨基酸（缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸）不同组合对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响,并对支链氨基酸间的组合效应进行分析以筛选在不同精粗比底物条件下支链氨基酸的最佳组合。结果表明,无论发酵底物精粗比如何,添加支链氨基酸对体外发酵pH、NDF降解率（NDFD）和乙酸/丙酸均无显著影响（P>0.05）,而DM降解率（DMD）在各组合间存在差异。当发酵底物精粗比为20：80时,3种氨基酸对氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的影响均具有组合效应（P<0.05）;其中异丁酸和戊酸水平随缬氨酸添加水平的增加而升高（P<0.01）;异戊酸水平则受亮氨酸和异亮氨酸添加水平的影响（P<0.05）。当发酵底物精粗比为40：60时,异丁酸水平随着缬氨酸添加水平增加而升高（P<0.01）;异戊酸浓度受3种支链氨基酸的影响（P<0.05）。当精粗比为60：40时,添加支链氨基酸主要影响异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸的水平;其中异丁酸主要受缬氨酸的影响（P<0.01）,异戊酸受亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的影响（P<0.01）,戊酸受缬氨酸和异亮氨酸的影响（P<0.05）。从异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸来看,添加3种氨基酸均表现出明显的组合效应（P<0.05）。综上所述,以DMD为指标,当发酵底物精粗比为20：80时,缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸的最佳添加水平为0.67、2.00、1.33 mmol/L;当底物精粗比为40：60和60：40时,无需额外添加3种支链氨基酸。     

高压处理对鲜切果蔬品质与微生物影响的研究进展

综述了高压处理对鲜切果蔬质量与安全影响的研究进展,涉及鲜切果蔬的感官品质与营养品质、抗氧化能力、与品质变化有关的酶、微生物及细胞结构等内容,并对鲜切果蔬高压处理的发展方向进行了展望。高压处理是一种采用50-1 000 MPa压力处理食品的非热加工技术。适宜的高压处理能够改善鲜切果蔬的口感,但过高的压力（＞200 MPa）会对感官品质产生不良影响;高压下鲜切果蔬营养品质的变化与原料及处理条件有关,低压处理可以提高鲜切果蔬的抗氧化能力,压力过高则导致抗氧化能力下降;与鲜切果蔬品质有关的大多数酶在相对低的压力下受到的影响不大,甚至还有被激活的现象,但随着压力升高,如达到400 MPa以上,一些酶活性明显下降,而有些酶甚至需要600 MPa以上的压力才能失活;高压下微生物失活的程度取决于微生物类型、压力大小、处理温度与时间等,高压处理后鲜切果蔬上的微生物均有不同程度的失活,但如果采用的高压条件不能完全杀灭鲜切果蔬上的微生物,则会面临很大风险,即使在4℃下贮存,也不能阻止微生物增长。总的来看,相对低的压力处理（＜300 MPa）不能完全灭活鲜切果蔬上的微生物,尽管这还取决于果蔬种类及初始微生物的种类与数量,但高压在鲜切果蔬产品安全控制上面临挑战,因为过高的压力会导致鲜切果蔬产品的品质不被接受,因而寻找联合而非单一高压处理技术可能是一种解决方案。超过100 MPa的压力会对果蔬细胞结构产生影响,高压下鲜切果蔬产品的品质及微生物数量变化与高压下细胞结构的改变有关。因此,选择适宜的耐高压的原料品种,采用更有效的联合高压技术及危害分析与关键点控制管理,是实现高压技术在鲜切果蔬加工生产应用的前提,也是保障鲜切果蔬高压产品品质与安全的有效措施。未来鲜切果蔬高压研究将面向数字化模拟高压对果蔬细胞结构的影响、高压下鲜切果蔬风味的控制、联合高压技术开发及适宜高压加工的鲜切果蔬原料品种的选择等。     

根际微生物对药材道地性的影响

在植物、土壤与微生物所构成的根际微生态系统中,微生物对于土壤肥力的形成、养分的转化吸收、植物生长发育以及植物病虫害的生物防治具有重要的作用.通过对影响根际微生物种群结构因素分析以及根际微生物影响土壤养分释放和植物生长等功能的初步探讨,以期为药材道地性的研究提供新的思路和方法,指导道地药材的生产和实践.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.