玉米瘤黑粉病空间分布型研究

对玉米瘤黑粉病空间分布型进行了研究,结果表明:玉米瘤黑粉病在病株率低于4%的条件下,空间分布型基本为随机分布;病株率在10%左右,空间分布型仍为随机分布,但有均匀分布趋势。根据平均拥挤度和平均密度关系回归方程,得到病害在不同发病程度下的理论抽样数:若想获得一般精确的调查结果,在病株率达到1%左右时,大约需要调查285个样本;在病株率达到5%左右时,大约需要调查135个样本;在病株率达到10%以上时,大约需要调查115个样本。     

坡向与坡位对雷竹竹笋产量的影响

采用随机区组试验设计法调查雷竹在不同坡向与坡位的生长情况,共调查45个雷竹标准地,统计结果为出笋数14 625~26 625个/hm2、鲜笋产量1.90~7.11 t/hm2、平均单笋重120.2~298.9 g。通过对比分析,结果表明:坡向和坡位对雷竹的出笋数、鲜笋产量和平均单笋重均有极显著影响,坡向与坡位处理之间交互作用引起的鲜笋产量存在极显著差异。经营雷竹林宜选择东南或西南坡、下坡的组合或南坡、下坡组合为好。本文为雷竹造林时选择适生坡向和坡位提供了参考。     

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化高尚德，陈旭仁，吴以平（青岛海洋大学，２６６００３）（青岛教育学院，２６６００１）关键词养虾池，细菌数量，变化ＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＯＴＡＬＢＡＣＴＥＲＩＡＮＵＭＢＥＲＩＮＳＨＲＩＭＰＰＯＮＤＷＡＴＥＲ...     

不同溶剂及配比对轮虫脂肪提取的影响

研究了提取溶剂、次数以及溶剂的配比对轮虫脂肪提取的影响。分别用氯仿甲醇体积比为2:1、1:1、1:2,苯石油醚体积比2:1、1:1、1:2,丙酮石油醚1:4、3:7、2:3作为提取溶剂,提取冻干轮虫(Brachionus rotundiformis)样品脂肪,测定脂肪含量与皂化值,筛选得出3种提取溶剂的最佳配比;比较提取次数为1～3次间脂肪含量的差异,得出最佳提取次数;将3种最佳配比与索氏提取法(国标)提取样品脂肪进行比较,测定脂肪含量与皂化值。结果显示,在冻干轮虫脂肪提取中,提取次数对样品脂肪含量没产生显著影响(P>0.05);3种溶剂的最佳配比分别为氯仿甲醇2:1、苯石油醚1:2、丙酮石油醚2:3;其中丙酮石油醚2:3处理组的脂肪含量和皂化值分别达到9.71%和198,均显著高于索氏提取法(国标)和其余处理组(P<0.05)。故轮虫脂肪提取1次为宜,最佳溶剂及配比为丙酮石油醚体积比2:3,本方法具有提取高、时间短、安全性高、成本低等优点,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

EM菌培养基的优化及菌株数量的检测

通过正交试验确定最适合EM菌生长的碳源、氮源和温度。结果表明:最适合菌株生长的碳源为葡萄糖,适合EM菌生长的氮源为蛋白胨,温度对菌株生长的影响较大,在35℃时,菌株的生长状况最好。将EM菌接入到优化后的培养基中培养3d后,通过稀释平板计数法确定芽孢杆菌的数量为3.4×105,酵母菌的数量为9.7×109,乳酸菌的数量为6.4×109,菌株总的数量达到1.6×1010CFU/mL。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。     

Does plant growth phase determine the response of plants and soil organisms to defoliation?

To test a hypothesis that the effects of defoliation on plant ecophysiology and soil organisms depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season, we established a greenhouse experiment using replicated grassland microcosms. Each microcosms was composed of three plant species, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata and Phleum pratense, growing in grassland soil with a diverse soil community. The experiment consisted of two treatment factors—defoliation and plant growth phase (PGP)—in a fully factorial design. Defoliation had two categories, i.e. no trimming or trimming a total of four times at 2 week intervals. The PGP treatment had four categories, i.e. 1, 3, 7 or 13 weeks growth following planting before the first defoliation (subsequently referred to as PGP1, PGP2, PGP3 and PGP4, respectively). In each PGP treatment category, microcosms were harvested 1 week after the final defoliation. Harvested shoot and root mass and total shoot production (including trimmed and harvested shoot mass) increased with time and were lower in defoliated than in non-defoliated systems. The fraction of root biomass of harvested plant biomass decreased with time but was increased by defoliation at PGP3 and PGP4. The proportion of T. repens in total shoot production increased and those of P. lanceolata and P. pratense decreased with time. Defoliation increased the proportions of P. lanceolata and P. pratense in total shoot production at PGP3 and PGP4. Root N and C concentrations increased and root C-to-N ratio decreased with time in non-defoliated systems. Defoliation increased root N concentration by 38 and 33% at PGP1 and PGP2, respectively, but decreased the concentration by 22% at PGP4. In contrast, defoliation reduced root C concentration on average by 1.5% at each PGP. As with the effects on root N concentration, defoliation decreased the root C-to-N ratio at PGP1 and PGP2 but increased the ratio at PGP4. Among soil animal trophic groups, the abundance of herbivorous nematodes was higher at PGP4 than at PGP1-3 and that of predacious nematodes higher at PGP2-4 than at PGP1, while the abundance of bacterivorous, fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes and that of detritivorous enchytraeids did not differ between the PGP categories. Among bacterivorous nematodes, however, Acrobeloides, Chiloplacus and Protorhabditis species decreased and that of Plectus spp. increased with time. Defoliation did not affect the abundance of soil animal trophic groups, but reduced the abundance of herbivorous Coslenchus spp. at each PGP and raised the abundance of herbivorous Rotylenchus spp. and bacterivorous Eucephalobus spp. at PGP4. Confirming our hypothesis, the results suggest that the effects of defoliation on the attributes of grassland plants, such as biomass allocation between roots and shoots and root quality, may depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season. However, contradicting our hypothesis, the results suggest that significant changes in plant attributes after defoliation may not always lead to substantial changes in the abundance of belowground organisms.     

Influence of P and K fertilization on Phytophthora root rot or excess soil water injury of alfalfa cultivars

Abstract

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is an important disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in wet soils. Excess soil water (ESW) stress is required for the successful infection and development of PRR. The effects of P at 0, 40, and 80 μg.g^‐1 soil and K at 0, 120, and 240 μg.g^‐1 soil (in factorial combinations) on the severity of PRR or ESW stress was investigated on a PRR‐susceptible (Iroquois) and a resistant (Oneida) alfalfa cultivar in a greenhouse trial. P and K applications significantly increased the dry weight of tops prior to imposition of PRR or ESW stress. However, plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress did not respond significantly to P or K and there was no significant effect of P or K on the severity of PRR or ESW injury. The plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress had lower tissue P concentration than those under stress‐free conditions. Increasing P additions resulted in a significant increase in P concentration of Iroquois plants, while in Oneida the response was non‐significant. The response of K concentration in the plant to increasing K additions was dependant on P levels.     

微生物诱导剂浸种对小麦萌发期的抗旱诱导效果

试验结果表明,在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下,经微生物诱导剂处理,可增加小麦萌发时期的根冠比,而且在水分胁迫条件下的增加幅度大于正常供水条件。微生物诱导剂可在水分胁迫条件下促进根系生长发育,提高根系干物质积累。这些性状的改善有利于提高小麦的抗旱能力。但诱导剂处理后在一定程度上抑制了小麦种子萌发率以及小麦芽和根的伸长生长。     

东、西方蜜蜂对大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.)幼虫和成虫的清理行为差异研究

大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella. L)是一种遍及世界且对蜜蜂巢脾极具破坏性的害虫。为比较东、西方蜜蜂对大蜡螟幼虫和成虫的清理行为差异,探讨防治大蜡螟的新途径,本研究通过在蜂箱巢门口和蜂群内分别放置5龄大蜡螟幼虫、刚交尾的大蜡螟雌蛾和死亡雌蛾各30头(只),观察记录攻击大蜡螟的东、西方蜜蜂的数量、攻击时间及清理情况。结果显示:在蜂箱巢门口和巢内,参与攻击5龄大蜡螟幼虫和刚交尾的雌蛾的西方蜜蜂数量较东方蜜蜂多,攻击时间较长;西方蜜蜂会对死亡雌蛾进行清理,但东方蜜蜂不会;攻击结束后,西方蜜蜂会将遭攻击死亡的5龄大蜡螟幼虫和雌蛾拖离蜂箱,东方蜜蜂则放弃清理。表明西方蜜蜂对大蜡螟更敏感,清理能力更强。