黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长发育的影响及其与根系分泌物的关系

黄瓜是设施主栽蔬菜,长期连作导致根结线虫病发生和危害加重;嫁接是提高黄瓜对根结线虫抗性的有效手段,但不同砧木品种间存在差异。为探明嫁接提高黄瓜抗根结线虫能力的机制,试验选用不同抗性的砧木品种‘云南黑籽南瓜’(低感)和‘甜砧南瓜’(高感),以‘新泰密刺’自根黄瓜为对照,采用人工接种,研究了黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长和繁殖的影响,并探讨了根系分泌物与线虫卵孵化的关系。结果表明:线虫侵染初期,3个品种根内的二龄幼虫(J2)数差异显著,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最多;侵入根内的J2均能正常发育为成虫,根内线虫总数以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘新泰密刺’最多;根际J2数量以‘新泰密刺’最多,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少;发生二次侵染前,根际卵粒数呈现出相同的特点。黄瓜及其砧木根系分泌物明显影响根结线虫卵的孵化,孵化率以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最低,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最高;接种根结线虫后,根系分泌物影响下的卵孵化率较未接种时明显增加,‘新泰密刺’增幅最大,‘云南黑籽南瓜’增幅最小;随着生育时间延长,三者根系分泌物对卵孵化的促进作用逐渐增强。低感砧木根系分泌物对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低线虫在其根内及根际的发育,可能是抗线虫的机制之一。     

黄土丘陵区须根系作物地土壤分离季节变化研究

采用变坡试验水槽的试验方法,研究了黄土丘陵区典型须根系作物玉米和谷子在生长季土壤分离能力的季节变化及潜在影响因素。结果表明:在作物生长季,须根系作物玉米地和谷子地的土壤分离能力具有明显的季节变化(P0.05),并表现出了相似的季节变化模式;两种作物地土壤分离能力的季节变化主要受到农事活动、土壤硬化、水稳性团聚体和作物根系生长的影响;两种作物地的土壤分离能力可以用土壤粘结力、作物根系密度和水流剪切力很好地拟合(R~20.75,NSE0.74)。     

水肥耦合对黄河三角洲盐碱地小麦根系形态和分布的影响

[目的]为了探索黄河三角洲轻度和中度盐碱地小麦根系分布情况,分析水肥耦合对小麦的根系分布的影响。[方法] 设置不灌水,灌底墒水,灌底墒水和拔节水,灌底墒水、拔节水和灌浆水4种灌水方式;不施肥,施有机肥,施有机肥与无机复合肥和施无机复合肥4种施肥方式,探索不同水肥耦合条件下黄河三角洲盐碱地小麦根系形态和分布情况。[结果]结果显示,盐碱地小麦根系主要集中在0-30cm土层,且随着土层的加深逐渐减少。在本文中,各根系形态指标之间表现为极显著的正相关关系。灌水次数和施肥种类对小麦根系的生长发育有重要影响,灌2次水,施无机复合肥处理的小麦根系活力最高,根系形态最好。[结论]因此,在黄河三角洲轻度和中度盐碱地,小麦根系分布主要集中于前30 cm,拔节水和无机复合肥有利于促进小麦根系发育,可获得较好的根系形态结构。     

磷胁迫下不同磷效率大豆某些性状的基因型差异

用液培法以4个不同磷效率的大豆基因型为材料,对其在缺磷胁迫条件下的主根长、根冠比、光合速率及抗衰老能力进行了研究。结果表明：耐低磷主要表现是刺激根的伸长,与磷低效基因型相比,磷高效基因型的主根长、根冠比增长比较明显;磷高效基因型的光合能力和生物膜的抗氧化能力都明显高于磷低效基因型。     

Effects of inbreeding on nodal root system morphology and architecture of white clover (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium repens</Emphasis> L.)

Plants of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivar Crau, a self-fertile Crau genotype, and nine generations of inbred progeny were raised in sand culture in a glasshouse experiment. Digital images of the root systems were made and root morphological characteristics were determined on all the plants. Root architectural parameters were measured on the Crau parent and the S₁, S₄, S₆, and S₉ inbred lines. The clover roots became shorter and thicker with inbreeding but the number of root tips per plant was unchanged. Root architecture (branching pattern) was largely unaffected by inbreeding. It is concluded that inbreeding white clover will lead to shorter, thicker roots, and reduced nutrient uptake efficiency compared with the parent clover. The degree to which these deleterious traits are overcome during the development of F₁ hybrids needs to be determined.     

胺磺灵诱导小麦根尖染色体结构的变异

用不同浓度的胺磺灵(Oryzalin)处理小麦种子,观察小麦根尖细胞染色体结构的变异情况。结果表明,胺磺灵的不同处理浓度及处理时间均能引起染色体的异常分裂,在光学显微镜下检测到桥、多极染色体、环状染色体、滞后染色体、染色体加倍、染色体凝集、微核等异常现象,以染色体加倍、微核的发生频率最高;处理时间对染色体结构变异的影响明显高于处理浓度。     

大豆根内胞囊线虫的时空动态研究

于2006-2007年田间自然生长条件下,研究大豆苗期(7~37 d)胞囊线虫(4号生理小种)在根系的时空分布动态。结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫分布与根系生长状况有密切关系。出苗后7 d已有线虫侵入根内,随着根系生长发育,单位根长线虫数以及线虫总数增多,单位根长内线虫数量呈S型曲线变化。随着出苗后天数的增加,主根和侧根内线虫数量变化呈相反趋势,其中主根内线虫密度减少,侧根内线虫密度增加至相对稳定值。随着土层的加深,主根和侧根内线虫密度差异减小;5~15 cm土层根系内线虫数量及其所占比例均最大。说明苗期大豆胞囊线虫主要分布在5~15 cm土层。     

播期对亚种间杂交稻根系形态发育和生理活性的影响

利用“网袋法”（the mesh beg method）研究亚种间杂交稻 PE037×02428（PE）和品种间杂交稻汕优63（S63）在不同播期下的根系形态发育和生理活性。结果表明:在根系干物质累积、根系生理活性和穗粒性状上PE较S63具有杂种优势,但这些优势最终未能转化成产量优势,主要是因为PE籽粒充实度不高所致。播期对根系形态发育和生理活性的影响不同:5/1O和5/4（月/日）播期有利于根系形态发育但根系生理活性较低,且后期衰退严重,其结实率和产量最低;而6/10和6/11播期有利于根系生理活性的提高,结实率和产量最高。相关分析表明,生育后期PE根系氧化力和SOD活性下降百分率与20cm土层内的平均温度存在显著正相关（r=0.933～0.972）,而与产量成显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.955～-0.999）。PE根系干物质累积优势对产量是一个负向优势。     

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.     

Evaluation of surface water drainage systems for cropping in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia vertisols cover about 10% of the total land area and is the fourth most important soil used for crop production, accounting for nearly 23% of the total arable land used for crop production. More than half of the vertisols are found in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, with an altitude of more than 1500 m above mean sea level. The unique physical and chemical properties of these soils and the high rainfall during the main cropping season create severe surface waterlogging problems which hinder crop production activities. Severe surface waterlogging affects the growth of plants by impeding nutrient uptake and creating oxygen deficiency around the root zone. To address this crop production problem, three surface water drainage methods, namely broad bed and furrow (BBF), ditch, and flat (traditional) methods were evaluated using the water balance of the plant root zone and wheat as a test crop. The experiment was conducted at the Ginchi Research Station in the central highlands of Ethiopia over two consecutive seasons (2000 and 2001). The results showed that both the BBF and the ditch drainage methods gave about 33% and 22% more grain yield than the flat treatment, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between BBF and ditch for both grain and biomass yield during both experimental seasons. During both seasons the total water balance (ΔW_r) at the root zone especially, in the months of June, July and August on all the treatments was higher than the crop water requirement (ETc) and showed no significant difference between the treatments. Thus, the results of this study indicated that the soil water in the root zone was not significantly altered by surface drainage systems and therefore implies the need of further improvement of the different surface drainage methods regarding improving the waterlogging condition and hence the productivity of the vertisols in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.