水旱轮作大豆的营养生长与根系活力的关系

大豆是实行水旱轮作制度的重要作物之一,水田的排水不良是导致轮作大豆减产的重要原因.通过对水旱轮作大豆幼苗进行过湿处理,分析了不同大豆品种的营养生长特性与根系生理活性的关系.轮作大豆在过湿条件下,所有品种的生育都受到抑制,干物质生产受抑制程度存在着品种间的差异.营养生长诸性状中,伤流速度受过湿处理影响最大,处理区的伤流速度仅为对照区的64.2%.过湿处理导致伤流液中氮含量几乎减少了一半,伤流中的氮含量与叶片氮素含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,过湿条件下叶片氮含量的减少是由于根的氮素吸收能力的低下所致.遭遇过湿逆境时的植株个体大小与维持物质生产关系密切.过湿处理期间及其后的干物质增加量的大小与以伤流速度为代表的根系活力密切相关,说明从田间管理技术上提高大豆的根系活力以维持水旱轮作大豆的干物质生产是可行的.     

二穗短柄草异戊烯基转移酶(IPT)编码基因的进化及功能分析

细胞分裂素(CTK)是一类重要的植物激素,主要作用是引起细胞分裂,诱导芽的形成和促进芽的生长。此外,CTK能够通过参与细胞分化来调控根分生组织大小,对根系生长有负调控作用。异戊烯基转移酶(IPT)是CTK合成过程中的一个关键的限速酶,在高等植物中均以多同源拷贝形式存在。为了探寻二穗短柄草IPT基因的进化起源,并阐明同源基因间潜在的功能分化及其在根系生长过程中的生物学功能,首先,对拟南芥及二穗短柄草的IPT基因进行了序列比对和进化分析,其次,利用荧光定量的方法对二穗短柄草中各IPT基因在不同组织不同发育阶段的转录水平进行了定量分析,最后,通过构建IPT基因RNAi的表达载体,对二穗短柄草中多个IPT基因的转录进行了沉默干扰。结果表明,tRNA-IPT可能代表了IPT祖先基因的功能,而且是ATP/ADP-IPT基因的供体基因。二穗短柄草各IPT基因具有一定的组织表达特异性,大部分ATP/ADP-IPTs处于转录不活跃状态,而tRNA-IPTs在根部和叶部的表达量都很高。因此,IPT基因在单子叶模式植物二穗短柄草中可能采用了不同于拟南芥的方式发挥功能,其主要的发挥功能形式是tRNA类型。二穗短柄草转IPT-RNAi植株表现出根系增强的表型,说明在根系早期发育阶段,二穗短柄草ATP/ADP型IPT基因起到了一定的调节作用。由于IPT基因在早熟禾亚科物种中较为保守,本研究可为增强麦类作物根系发育与提高抗旱性提供必要理论基础。     

黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖模式下冬小麦耗水特征及根系生长规律研究

为探究黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖模式对冬小麦耗水及根系生长的影响,采用微根管动态监测技术,连续两年对比分析平作不覆盖（T0）、秸秆覆盖平作（T1）、半膜覆盖垄作（T2）和垄上覆膜沟覆秸秆（T3）4种处理下冬小麦不同生育时期0~130 cm土层根系密度及土壤水分的变化。结果表明,与T0处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理对冬小麦耗水总量无显著影响,T1、T2和T3处理的水分利用效率分别提高25.42%、 9.68%和 20.13%。T1、T2和T3处理均会减小冬小麦根系富集深度,使根系分布深度上移,根系富集区离地表深度表现为T2相似文献   

Multivariate analysis and genetic diversity for morphometric and root textural quality traits in ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal)

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant and its dried roots are used in traditional systems of medicine. The market price of roots is determined by physical (textural) quality. Brittle roots with high starch and low fiber are considered to be superior because of ease in grinding. Genetic diversity studies based on root textural parameters have not been done so far. So the present study was designed to assess genetic diversity for morphometric traits and root textural quality parameters among two morphologically distinct groups: Poshita and Nagore. The PCA separated the morphometric and root texture variables distinctly into two different principal components: PC-1 and PC-2 respectively, indicating that both are negatively associated. All the morphotypes in Poshita group showed high positive loadings in PC-1 indicating that component genotypes are high root yielding. Nagore morphotypes were low yielding but the root texture was good. Clustering of morphotypes grouped Poshita and Nagore separately with high inter-cluster distances indicating that both groups are highly divergent from each other, suggesting that there is sufficient scope for varietal improvement through hybridization.     

亏缺灌溉对大豆根系生长和养分积累及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法以新大豆8号为试验材料,研究了4种土壤水分处理(下限分别为田间持水量的80%、70%、60%、50%)对春大豆根系生长、根系活力和单株产量的影响.结果表明:随着水分亏缺加重,根干重、根系吸收表面积、根伤流、根活力均呈现显著降低的变化趋势,表现为80%>70%>60%>50%;7月20日前后亏缺灌溉降低大豆根...     

胡萝卜内源激素含量分布与畸裂肉质根形成的关系

为深入揭示内源激素对高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根发育的调控作用,以"岐山透心红"的开裂和畸形肉质根为材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),研究分析了内源激素含量分布与开裂和畸形胡萝卜肉质根形成的关系。结果表明,迅速膨大中期,与正常肉质根相比,开裂肉质根中外层或外层内源GA3、GA4、ZR、DHZR和IAA含量较低;畸形肉质根纵向内源GA4、ZR和DHZR含量分布呈尾端优势,而GA3、ABA和IAA含量呈均匀分布态势。至迅速膨大末期,开裂肉质根中外层或外层内源GA3、GA4、ABA和IAA含量较低,畸形肉质根纵横向内源激素含量呈均匀分布态势。内源激素含量空间分布的改变可诱导开裂和畸形肉质根的形成。     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发...     

Effects of pre- and post-planting shading on growth of container Norway spruce seedlings

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is shade-tolerant and sensitive to high irradiance, summer frosts and winter desiccation, which can impair its reforestation success. In this study, artificial pre- and post-planting shading was examined to determine their effects on post-planting shoot and root growth as well as the vigor of one- and two-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. Three planting experiments were carried out on open nursery fields (Exp. 1, 2) and on a mounded forest clearcut in central Finland (Exp. 3). Before planting, the seedlings were stored over winter either in a freezer or on open fields under snow cover. For two weeks prior to planting, half of the seedlings were placed in the open and the other half under a horizontal shade netting (light transmittance 56 %) (Exp. 1, 2). All seedlings were planted with or without a vertical post-planting shade, which was located on the southern side. Post-planting shading enhanced shoot growth and reduced damage (better visual vigor and needle color and less pine-weevil damage) on Norway spruce seedlings for at least two years after planting (Exp. 2, 3). Those seedlings, that had been stored over winter in the open and kept in shade prior to planting seemed to benefit most from post-planting shading (Exp. 2). However, post-planting shading may give variable results, depending on the seedling quality and weather conditions after planting, and may even reduce shoot growth if no pre-planting shading is used (Exp. 1). Shoot growth may also be improved at the expense of root growth (Exp. 3). The costs of manufacturing and installing post-planting shades may limit their use in practice, for example, to selected regeneration sites where there is high risk of frost damage but where no alternative silvicultural procedure (shelterwood or nurse crop) has been used.     

Interactive effects of organic acids in the rhizosphere

Organic acids released into the rhizosphere may perform many beneficial functions to the plant including metal detoxification and enhancement of nutrient acquisition. Typically, these organic acids are studied in isolation; however, roots simultaneously exude a cocktail of organic acids and other substances, and their combined impact on rhizosphere processes may be quite different. It has been hypothesized that some exudates may play secondary roles (e.g. inhibitors of microbial activity, blockage of sorption sites), which might enhance the longevity and nutrient-mobilization capacity of others. Here we investigated how the decomposition, sorption and P-solubilizing effects of citrate, malate and oxalate are affected by the presence of malonate and shikimate. We found that in a range of agricultural soils the decomposition of citrate, malate and oxalate was rapid, but not influenced by the presence of large quantities of shikimate or malonate. This suggests that the individual organic acids are taken up by different transport mechanisms or components of the microbial community. At large concentrations, malonate decreased sorption of citrate, malate and oxalate on the soil, whilst shikimate had little effect. The capacity of citrate, malate and oxalate to desorb P was significantly greater in cocktails containing malonate compared with the single organic acid; no effect was seen with shikimate. We conclude that neither malonate nor shikimate at realistic concentrations will significantly affect the biodegradation of citrate, malate or oxalate in the rhizosphere, and while malonate did enhance P desorption, this effect is additive rather than synergistic. Overall, we found little evidence that malonate and shikimate act as secondary regulators of citrate, malate and oxalate behavior in soil.     

Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforest alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil

Large areas of remaining tropical forests are affected by anthropogenic disturbances of various intensities. These disturbances alter the structure of the forest ecosystem and consequently its carbon budget. We analysed the role of fine root dynamics in the soil carbon budget of tropical moist forests in South-east Asia along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. Fine root production, fine root turnover, and the associated carbon fluxes from the fine root system to the soil were estimated with three different approaches in five stands ranging from an old growth forest with negligible anthropogenic disturbance to a cacao agroforestry system with planted shade trees. Annual fine root production and mortality in three natural forest sites with increasing canopy openness decreased continuously with increasing forest disturbance, with a reduction of more than 45% between the undisturbed forest and the forest with large timber extraction. Cacao agroforestry stands had higher fine root production and mortality rates than forest with large timber extraction but less than undisturbed forest. The amount of carbon annually transferred to the soil carbon pool through fine root mortality was highest in the undisturbed forest and generally decreased with increasing forest use intensity. However, root-related C flux was also relatively high in the plantation with planted shading trees. In contrast, the relative importance of C transfer from root death in the total above- and below-ground C input to the soil increased with increasing forest use intensity and was even similar to the C input via leaf litter fall in the more intensively managed agroforest. We conclude that moderate to heavy disturbance in South-east Asian tropical moist forests has a profound impact on fine root turnover and the related carbon transfer to the soil.