家禽肠道健康营养调控技术研究进展

本文就目前通过营养调控方式改善家禽肠道健康的措施作一综述。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落数量特征的影响

结合2002-2004年对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中5个断面固定植物群落样地的调查,运用群落数量分析法,分析了塔里木河下游植物群落对生态输水的响应.结果表明:在生态输水过程中,植被覆盖度普遍增加,草本植物覆盖度的增长率高于乔木和灌木;各断面乔木和草本植物的综合优势比普遍增加,但优势种的优势地位并没有改变,群落的类型没有变化;在整个研究区,物种的丰富度与均匀度仍很低.为提高输水生态效应,提出河道输水与面上供水相结合的输水方法和建立人工植被等建议.     

塔里木河干流河道生态需水量研究

基于有序聚类法,在对1957-2006年塔里木河干流径流序列受人类活动显著影响突变点判别的基础上,对干流新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉3个水文断面河道逐月最小生态需水量和适宜需水量进行计算。结果表明：① 近50 a来,人类活动对干流水资源影响程度不断增大,1976年前的径流量可以近似看作自然状态;② 新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道年最小需水量分别为17.68×10⁸ m³、10.02×10⁸ m³和3.29×10⁸ m³,年适宜需水量分别为35.65×10⁸ m³、18.23×10⁸ m³和7.00×10⁸ m³;③一般用水期（10月至翌年3月）保证新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道最小需水量5.33×10⁸ m³、3.77×10⁸ m³和1.32×10⁸ m³,用水敏感期（4-9月）保证适宜需水量28.99×10⁸ m³、13.70×10⁸ m³和5.09×10⁸ m³即可确保干流河道生态系统健康。     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1766～1911年黄河中游汛期建立时间研究

利用清代奏报中保留的汛期涨水尺寸记录,近现代以来黄河中游水文站存在的水位信息器测数据,基于1766～1911年黄河中游万锦滩(位于今河南省三门峡市)水位志桩所载涨水时间,在"侯"尺度下建立了研究时段内三门峡断面的汛期开始时间。结果表明:1766～1911年,1840年代前中游汛期开始时间在平均水平;1840～1860年代汛期建立时间偏晚;1860～1890年代再次开始提前。在研究时段内黄河中游汛期开始时间平均为7月上旬,与同时期长江中下游梅雨结束时间有很好的对应关系,但年际差异较大,夏季风雨带推移成为导致中游汛期开始时间产生波动的主要驱动因素。     

天山北坡呼图壁河流域近313年降水的重建与分析

分析发现,天山北坡呼图壁河流域树轮年表与呼图壁气象站上年8月至当年7月的平均降水相关性较好,最高单相关系数为o.484(a=0.001),且具有明显的树木生理学意义.利用赛热克巴依萨、希热克久热特、喀音萨依的标准化年表能够较好地重建呼图壁河流域近313年的上年8月至当年7月平均降水序列,方差解释量达41%,并通过交叉检验表明重建结果稳定可靠.     

近40 a黄河乌兰布和沙漠段河道演变特征

基于Landsat系列卫星遥感数据,利用目视解译法提取黄河乌兰布和沙漠段近40 a夏季河道演变特征值,对比分析两岸河道演变特征并分析其变化原因.结果表明:①以乌海水利枢纽为起点,1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段左岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在11.5 ～36.7 km处,右岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在61.5～73.1 km处;②1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段堆积与侵蚀总面积分别为82.73 km2和5.28 km2,其中1973-1989、1989-2000、2000-2005、2005-2008、2008-2010年和2010-2015年各时期的堆积速率分别为1.52 km2·a-1、2.36kim2·a-1、3.70km2 ·a-1、2.45 km2 ·a-1、1.22 km2·a-1和0.84 km2·a-1.黄河乌兰布和沙漠段整体呈现淤积状态,河道萎缩并向右迁移;③随着石嘴山水文站年均径流量的增大,河岸堆积速率呈逐渐降低趋势,而侵蚀速率变化趋势则正好相反.该研究有利于了解黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段的河道演变特征,为沙漠地区植被恢复及当地环境的治理提供理论依据.     

喷灌条件下不同灌溉施肥对玉米耗水和产量的影响

通过野外实测资料,定量研究大型喷灌条件下不同灌水量(3个水平)和肥力(3个水平)处理对玉米耗水规律、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明,拔节期和灌浆期是玉米需水的关键阶段;玉米不同处理在各生育期耗水量在25.63~182.74 mm之间变化,变幅较大。相同肥力处理下,玉米各生育期耗水量总体变化均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;相同水分处理下,玉米耗水量、产量随肥力的增加而增加;对比分析发现,产量对水量变化的敏感程度远高于施肥量变化的敏感程度;玉米全生育期总耗水量与玉米产量之间呈现良好的抛物线关系(R2=0.829),耗水量为4 673 m3·hm~(-2)时产量Y值最大,为11 151 kg·hm~(-2)。在同等灌水和施肥条件下,处理SF-9比SF-10(CK)增产8.40%,水分生产效率提高15.0%,其它处理增产7.89%~54.51%,喷灌条件下玉米增产效果明显。     

近40年洮河流域干燥度变化趋势分析

利用洮河流域7个气象站1971-2010年的地面气象观测资料,根据Holdridge生命地带模型对洮河流域近40 a的干燥度变化进行了分析。结果表明：近40 a洮河流域内可能蒸散率（PER）以0．02·10a-1～0．07·10a-1的趋势上升,20世纪90年代后 PER的平均值比20世纪90年代前上升了0．12,洮河流域从20世纪90年代开始出现了明显的变干的趋势;近40 a洮河流域温度呈明显上升趋势,上升趋势为0．32～0．54℃·10a-1,20世纪80年代末到90年代洮河流域气温出现了暖突变;降水量呈减少的趋势,其中以中、下游减少最明显,减少趋势为13．3～21．8 mm·10a-1;洮河流域出现了明显的暖干化趋势。