Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH₄ emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH₄ emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH₄ emission. A lower CH₄ emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH₄ emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH₄ emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH₄ emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH₄ emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH₄ entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere.     

农业工程科技创新推进农业绿色发展

农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命。该文全面论述了农业工程科技创新对农业绿色发展的重要作用,深入分析了中国在农业资源利用、产地环境治理、生态系统保育和农产品绿色供给等方面取得的成效和存在的问题。提出了围绕农业绿色发展,农业资源监测、水土资源利用、农业投入品使用、农业机械化和农业废弃物资源利用等农业工程科技创新的前沿进展和主攻方向。从强化农业绿色发展理念、建立技术创新与推广体系、完善标准体系和加强政策支持4个方面提出了政策建议。该文可为农业绿色发展背景下农业工程科技研发提供重要的指导和参考。     

锤片饲料粉碎机组合形筛片设计改善粉碎性能

针对环流层对环筛式锤片饲料粉碎机性能的影响,设计了组合形筛片,以改变环流运动规律,改善锤片粉碎机性能。论文分析了粉碎机使用组合形筛片对粉碎性能的影响。利用计算流体力学软件Fluent对粉碎机采用环形平筛及组合形筛片的气流场进行数值模拟,比较粉碎机使用2种筛片时的气流场速度、压力分布情况,验证了组合形筛片的使用可有效改善粉碎室气流场特性。在相同工况下,对装有环形平筛及组合形筛片的CPS-280型粉碎机进行粉碎性能比较试验,对比分析不同筛片对物料粉碎效果的影响。结果表明,组合形筛片的使用可提高生产率、改善物料的粉碎质量。尤其当筛片等分数目为4,翼形弧前段圆弧半径为26 mm,后段圆弧半径为200 mm,等边角为120°时,物料粉碎效果更佳,生产率较环形平筛提高28.98%,度电产量提高35.84%,温升降低2℃,物料粒径分布方差降低40.62%。该文采用组合型筛片的粉碎机气流场特征优于环形平筛,有利于改善锤片粉碎机性能。     

品种和土壤对水稻镉吸收的影响及镉生物有效性预测模型研究进展

稻田受重金属镉(Cd)污染后,土壤中的Cd可能被植物吸收通过食物链进入人体,威胁人类健康。而水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累有着深远的影响,因此在进行Cd的农产品安全阈值制定和人体健康风险评价时,需考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和不同水稻品种对Cd吸收的影响。本文综述了水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累的影响,并重点介绍了目前常用于预测重金属生物有效性的模型,以期为环境风险评价、土壤环境质量标准及农产品安全阈值制定提供有效的工具,并为生产安全(无公害)稻米提供参考。     

空心多茎株型短季棉施氮效应研究初报

试验研究高光效空心多茎株型短季棉施N效应结果表明 ,强源是空心多茎株型短季棉施N增产的主要原因 ,扩库对产量的作用有限。低N量即显著提高空心多茎株型短季棉皮棉产量 ,继续增施N肥则空心多茎株型短季棉仅对N素表现出较强适应性 ,而未能充分发挥其产量潜力 ,表明产量潜力的发挥需要配套栽培技术的支撑     

分子标记技术及其在水稻基因定位上的应用

分子标记作为一种新兴的遗传标记手段,因其特有的优势而得到广泛的应用,带动了许多领域的快速发展。本文主要对分子标记的一般特点,基于全基因序列、简单重复序列、已知的特定序列、反转录转座子、单核苷酸的分子标记的类型及各类型代表性技术的基本原理和各自的优缺点进行详尽的综述,并进一步介绍了近年来分子标记在水稻基因定位上的相关应用,如水稻高产、优质、抗逆和抗病等重要农艺性状基因的分离克隆。最后还对分子标记技术在遗传图谱构建、基因定位和分子标记辅助育种等方面的应用前景予以展望,以期该技术能发挥更大的作用。     

氟对水稻生长及铝?氟交互对水稻吸氟规律的影响研究

通过盆栽试验研究水稻对氟的吸收规律及硫酸铝存在对水稻吸氟量的影响。结果表明: 单施氟处理下, 施氟量与水稻植株含氟量间存在极显著正相关关系, 说明水稻对氟存在奢侈吸收。随着水稻的生长, 其对氟的吸收达到平衡, 吸氟量逐渐减少, 植株体内氟含量呈下降趋势。各施氟水平下, 水稻植株的生长无明显差异, 但分蘖数却随施氟量的增加呈极显著降低趋势。铝?氟交互条件下, 水稻植株各部位的含氟量顺序为稻壳>米>根>茎叶, 这可能与植物的吸氟部位和氟的吸收形态有关。植株体内氟含量随生长时间的延长也呈下降趋势, 施硫酸铝处理会在此基础上进一步降低水稻植株各部位的含氟量, 但同一处理在不同时间取样, 降氟效果有较大差别。氟、铝处于何种比例和作用时间才能达到理想的降氟效果还有待于进一步研究。     

Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils

Rice paddy soils are characterized by anoxic conditions, anaerobic carbon turnover, and significant emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. A main source for soil organic matter in paddy fields is the rice crop residue that is returned to fields if not burned. We investigated as an alternative treatment the amendment of rice paddies with rice residues that have been charred to black carbon. This treatment might avoid various negative side effects of traditional rice residue treatments. Although charred biomass is seen as almost recalcitrant, its impact on trace gas (CO₂, CH₄) production and emissions in paddy fields has not been studied. We quantified the degradation of black carbon produced from rice husks in four wetland soils in laboratory incubations. In two of the studied soils the addition of carbonised rice husks resulted in a transient increase in carbon mineralisation rates in comparison to control soils without organic matter addition. After almost three years, between 4.4% and 8.5% of the black carbon added was mineralised to CO₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The addition of untreated rice husks resulted in a strong increase in carbon mineralisation rates and in the same time period 77%-100% of the added rice husks were mineralised aerobically and 31%-54% anaerobically. The ¹³C-signatures of respired CO₂ gave a direct indication of black carbon mineralisation to CO_2. In field trials we quantified the impact of rice husk black carbon or untreated rice husks on soil respiration and methane emissions. The application of black carbon had no significant effect on soil respiration but significantly enhanced methane emissions in the first rice crop season. The additional methane released accounted for only 0.14% of black carbon added. If the same amount of organic carbon was added as untreated rice husks, 34% of the applied carbon was released as CO₂ and methane in the first season. Furthermore, the addition of fresh harvest residues to paddy fields resulted in a disproportionally high increase in methane emissions. Estimating the carbon budget of the different rice crop residue treatments indicated that charring of rice residues and adding the obtained black carbon to paddy fields instead of incorporating untreated harvest residues may reduce field methane emissions by as much as 80%. Hence, the production of black carbon from rice harvest residues could be a powerful strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.     

施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同施肥方法对5种水稻品系土壤养分与稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明:日本优质水稻栽培的施肥方法(日本施肥)比常规施肥产量低,5个品系以ZR13产量最低,ZR63最高。与日本施肥相比,常规施肥显著提高了5个水稻品系土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了土壤速效磷含量;从食味品质指标的变化看,日本施肥比常规施肥蛋白质和淀粉含量低,具有较高的食味值。从不同品系看,ZR63的产量和蛋白质、直链淀粉含量均最高,但食味值最低。日本施肥下,ZR13的食味值比ZR63高17.2%;常规施肥下,ZR51的食味值比ZR63高56.1%。综合产量和食味品质,ZR32、ZR51是比较理想的品系,ZR6、ZR13食味值高,但产量低,ZR63产量高,食味品质差。     

硝酸还原酶合成的NO通过诱导酸敏感水稻根尖ROS积累引起酸毒

酸毒是酸性土壤中限制作物生长的重要因子之一,但酸毒通常与金属离子毒性共存,难以在土壤中直接研究,目前关于水稻酸毒机制的报道较少。选用前期筛选的酸耐性不同的两个水稻品种Kasalath（酸耐性）和Jinguoyin（酸敏感）,研究水稻的酸敏感性与活性氧（ROS）积累及氧化还原代谢相关酶的关系,并试图探讨酸毒害中一氧化氮（NO）信号与活性氧信号的调控关系。结果显示,低pH引起酸敏感水稻品种Jinguoyin中根尖NO和ROS的富集,但酸耐性水稻品种Kasalath中无显著变化。NO清除剂2-(4-羧基苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑啉-1-氧基-3-氧化物钾盐（cPTIO）可清除Jinguoyin根尖富集的NO和ROS。硝酸还原酶反馈抑制剂谷氨酰胺（Gln）可明显降低Jinguoyin在低pH下的根尖NO信号,而一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N’-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯盐酸盐（L-NAME）对根尖NO信号无影响。低pH显著提高了Jinguoyin中硝酸还原酶基因NIA1、NIA2和NIA3的表达,同时也提高了硝酸还原酶活性。可见,低pH下Jinguoyin受到的酸毒与NO介导的ROS富集有关,酸毒下产...