中间砧对“茂谷橘橙”树体和果实品质的影响

以蕉柑、芦柑和改良橙作为茂谷橘橙的中间砧，对各中间砧组合的亲和性、树体及枝梢生长表现、产量和果实品质等进行比较研究，结果表明，3种中间砧与接穗的亲和性无显著差异，均表现为亲和力强；改良橙作中间砧的冠径，春梢、夏梢、秋梢的生长量和早期产量均显著地低于蕉柑、芦柑的。高接5年后，3种中间砧对产量的影响无显著差异。3种中间砧对茂谷橘橙果实外观品质和内部品质的影响都不明显。     

水稻田间育秧精密播种机设计与试验

为提高田间育秧播种机的播种合格率和播种稳定均匀性,设计了一种适用于南方水稻田间育秧的精密播种机。在深入分析螺旋勺轮式播种器的播种原理,以及播种器行走控制系统的基础上,采用正交试验方法,研究了螺旋勺轮的凹槽深度、螺旋升角、播种器行走速度对播种合格率和空穴率的影响规律,得出杂交稻播种合格率和空穴率影响因素的最佳参数组合:凹槽深度h为3 mm、螺旋升角α为81.73°、播种器行走速度v为0.35 m/s。试验表明,采用闭环控制系统后的播种机播种杂交稻2~6粒/格合格率由87.14%提升到93.21%,常规稻3~8粒/格的播种合格率为92.14%,播种性能满足常规稻和杂交稻精密播种育秧的技术要求。     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

湖南省水稻种植环节的机械化选择

目前湖南水稻生产机械化的发展势头喜人,但其种植环节的机械化发展较慢,水平还很低,成为水稻生产机械化最突出、最薄弱的环节,是提高水稻综合生产能力的重点和难点,也是各级农机管理、推广部门一直以来不断研究、探索、寻求解决的重要课题.为此,概述了湖南省水稻种植机械化发展历史,分析了当前抛秧、直播、插秧三种方式的利弊,因此区域水稻生产的特点,决定其在今后一段时间内,不论是哪种种植方式都不可能完全淘汰,想用其中任何一种方式包打天下,都是不现实的.但因水稻机械化插秧技术具有省工节本,减轻劳动强度;增产、增效;避病避虫;高产稳产的优势,从长远发展来看,机械化插秧代替人工将势在必行.     

谷物循环干燥机控制系统硬件设计

针对循环式缓苏干燥机的工作特性，采用单片机模糊控制方法进行控制系统硬件设计，为解决单片机与计算机的双向通讯，实现干燥过程专家智能控制提供硬件基础。     

Is partial root-zone drying an effective irrigation technique to improve water use efficiency and fruit quality in field-grown wine grapes under semiarid conditions?

We investigated the effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) applied at different periods on leaf water relations, vegetative development, fruit yield, must and wine quality in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) during a 3-year field experiment in order to determine the importance of the timing of PRD application on physiological and agronomical vine response under semiarid conditions. Two irrigation treatments were applied: conventional drip irrigation (CI) and PRD. Both treatments received the same annual water quantity. Each year the PRD treatment was applied at different periods of the growth cycle. In 1999 PRD was applied from veraison to harvest (end July–early September); in 2000 from fruit set to harvest (mid June–early September); and in 2001 PRD from budburst to harvest (mid April–early September). Leaf water relations and gas exchange during the experimental period were not significantly affected by PRD treatment. In 1999 and 2000 there was no significant treatment effect on vegetative development, yield or fruit quality. However, in 2001 (when PRD was applied from budburst to harvest), reproductive and vegetative development was clearly altered in PRD vines. Fruit set percentage and vegetative development (shoot length, pruning weight and primary and lateral leaf area) were significantly increased in PRD vines compared to CI. This resulted in both higher yield (kg per vine) (43%) and water use efficiency (40%) compared to CI vines. Berry number per cluster and cluster weight were also significantly increased in PRD vines. Notwithstanding higher yield in PRD vines and a similar berry size, the must and wine quality was not significantly altered, indicating a higher synthesis and accumulation of photoassimilates and metabolites in the berries of PRD vines. We conclude that there was an positive effect on vegetative and reproductive growth when long-term PRD was applied from the beginning of growing season (budburst), suggesting that early onset of PRD is desirable to intensify PRD response under these semiarid conditions. Nevertheless from these results we need to further investigate the long- and short-term effects of PRD, with moderate water amounts, on vegetative and reproductive development such as flowering and fruit set processes in wine grapes.     

水稻秸秆深埋整秆还田装置设计与试验

针对目前我国水稻秸秆还田机械普遍存在的耕作深度浅、秸秆还田深度不满足农艺要求、旋耕部件缠草严重等问题,运用旋耕理论和数值计算分析方法设计了水稻秸秆深埋整秆还田装置。根据实际情况对土壤颗粒进行假设,运用离散元法建立土壤颗粒力学模型,应用EDEM软件进行整秆还田仿真虚拟试验,仿真结果表明,耕深在20 cm时,土壤表层覆盖率为93.87%。通过土槽台架试验得到:在作业速度为1.25 km/h、刀辊转速为237 r/min时,耕深可达到22 cm,地表以下15~20 cm翻埋的秸秆占秸秆总量的80%,秸秆还田率为91.63%,同时刀辊轴不缠草。试验结果表明,秸秆还田深度达到水整地环节的要求,秸秆还田率较高。通过虚拟仿真和台架试验相互验证,证明新型整秆还田装置一次作业可实现切土、碎土、埋草、压草及覆土的功能,满足农艺要求。     

稻谷热风、微波干燥品质与玻璃化转变研究

以函数拟合、近红外检测及发芽率测定,研究稻谷热风、微波干燥的去水性能及其蛋白质、直链淀粉含量与出芽品质;结合TG/DSC测试,探讨2种热源干燥稻谷的玻璃化转变对其干燥后品质的影响。结果表明:以对数函数拟合稻谷热风、微波干燥去水性能的准确度高;经2种热源干燥稻谷的蛋白质、淀粉含量过程差异不显著;但热风干燥稻谷初期蛋白质含量差异明显。鲜稻谷发芽率显著低于其经热风、微波干燥后的发芽率,三者分别为0.65±0.19、0.93±0.03、0.77±0.02。随含水率降低,经热风、微波干燥稻谷的热重损失与热流则呈不同趋势变化,二者中点温度均减小,综合影响干谷品质。     

黄土高原半干旱区退耕还林对土壤微量元素的影响

为了探明黄土高原半干旱区退耕还林对土壤微量元素(Cu、Zn、Mn、Mo、Fe)含量的影响及其与影响因子间的关系,以甘肃省关川河流域退耕还林地和农地为研究对象,使用有效性评价、通径分析等方法研究土壤微量元素与土壤环境变量间的关系。结果表明:退耕后土壤微量元素含量随土层深度增加而减少,在表层土壤中呈一定的富集现象。退耕地Cu、Mn、Mo的有效性指数高于Zn、Fe,侧柏林地有效性综合指数高于云杉林地。偏相关分析显示,退耕还林区土壤微量元素有效态含量的主要影响因素为土壤有机质、全钾、全氮与土壤含水率;回归分析显示,土壤环境因子可解释38.1%~73.8%有关土壤微量元素含量的变异;通径分析表明,土壤全钾对土壤微量元素的直接作用最大,土壤全氮对微量元素的间接作用最大;决策分析表明,土壤全钾与土壤有机质是退耕还林区微量元素含量的决策变量,而土壤含水率是土壤微量元素的限制变量。     

连杆式机动水稻插秧机万向联轴系统的运动分析

以 2 ZT-935 型水稻插秧机为例,对不等角速双万向联轴器的输入轴 1与输出轴 3的运动关系进行了深入研究,比较精确地推导出轴1、3与中间轴2的夹角θ_1、θ_3(见图1)随转弯角度β变化的关系式,绘制了轴3的角速度ω_3、角加速度α_3的变化规律曲线图。为分析插秧系统的运动学、动力学问题和插秧质量提供了依据。